tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22331805071488749012023-06-20T05:56:47.934-07:00Buy essaysCurrent Event Topics Essay For Legalization Of Mariguanaflounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.comBlogger170125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-39547293459483870522020-08-26T01:02:00.001-07:002020-08-26T01:02:16.118-07:00In What Ways Has the United Nations Organisation Influenced the EssayIn What Ways Has the United Nations Organization Influenced the Conduct of Diplomacy - Essay Example Mentalities toward the UN depend on having administrative and worldwide impedance. This alliance makes it simpler for the legislature to move in the direction of a goals while national inclusion with the contention gets optional (Ernst, 1037: 2008). Activities of the UN The United Nations has not just proposed and get associated with settling struggle at prior stages. There are likewise activities that have been proliferated and composed by the UN which serve people in different nations. A methodology which has been taken is multilateralism. This technique depends on negotiators of a few nations cooperating to give answers for outside undertakings. Frequently, bigger states work singularly to make an alternate way to deal with taking care of issues. International strategies, obstruction from governments cooperating and the improvement of boards in different nations to upgrade the security of a country are a portion of the results of this methodology. The security improvement and diff erent arrangements that have been actualized accordingly can work to take proactive measures against strife while guaranteeing that people have the limit of beating difficulties currently developing at a worldwide and national level. Peacekeeping tasks, government strategy, monetary recuperation, help with wellbeing projects and atmosphere dealings are a portion of the few projects that have created because of this idea (Plenum, 2011). The idea of multilateralism attempts to conquering difficulties and to move into a higher feeling of tact. The UN can intercede and furnish changes with the administration offered with the relationship between countries. Intergovernmental associations can work with discovering arrangements while offering higher security. In the event that... This paper endorses that the idea of international strategy and the delicate intensity of the UN are encouraged by the general feeling of political hindrances that normally structure inside countries. The utilization of international strategies and the need to include legalities inside a particular country is one that causes most who are in countries to be compelled to favor one side. The primary view that is seen consistently has a contradicting view, in any event, when there is a typical reason. The contention at that point originates from strains that canââ¬â¢t be settled by those in the UN or different areas and manufactures a feeling of ideological interests that proceed with the contentions of different countries. This report makes an end that the idea of tact is one that is ceaselessly being modified and re-characterized. The United Nations association has utilized different measures to change this specific result and to impact the manner by which discretion works. The relationship with strategy is one that is controlled by training, proposals and the general philosophies that the UN has made. This is joined with the lawful ramifications that the UN can fortify and the plans that are completed by NGOs and other non â⬠administrative associations. These are on the whole ready to work by changing the impact inside the UN. Be that as it may, there is frequently the powerlessness to make impact in light of international strategies and the idea of different governments. While the UN can spread explicit degrees of discretion through intervention and instruction, the constraints depend on national governments and the fundamental methodologies used to making a feeling of harmony goals and tact ins ide the district. flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-72285459671148316692020-08-22T22:09:00.001-07:002020-08-22T22:09:20.116-07:00Bohemia and The Final Problem EssayAt the point when he arrives at the Englischer Hof, the landlord has no clue about any debilitated Englishwoman. Acknowledging finally what has occurred, Watson surges back to Reichenbach Falls just to locate nobody there, despite the fact that he sees two arrangements of impressions going out onto the sloppy impasse way, yet none returning. There is additionally a note from Holmes, clarifying that he knew the report Watson was given to be a trick and that he is going to battle Moriarty, who has generous given him sufficient opportunity to pen this last letter. Watson sees that towards the finish of the way, there are signs that a brutal battle has occurred. It is very clear: Holmes and Moriarty have both kicked the bucket, tumbling to their demises down the canyon while secured mortal battle. This bit is so tragic and shows Sherlock Holmesââ¬â¢ regard for Dr Watson as he releases him back. Sherlock Holmes is a respectable man in this scene and attempts to shield Dr Watson from the torment of his demise. Anyway Dr Watson is left plainly steamed saying he will perpetually respect Sherlock Holmes was ââ¬Å"the best and the most astute man whom I have ever knownâ⬠. This choked me up a little as I read the final expressions of the story. I think by and large the first individual account by Dr Watson truly works. There are a couple of issues yet they have been understood by how the narratives are composed. For a setting to be run of the mill of that of an analyst story it should be somewhat terrifying and idiosyncratic, with the best homicide secrets occurring in broken down and separated old houses. There is one striking likeness of the considerable number of reprobates in the narratives we have contemplated, they are on the whole entirely recognizable. Dr Roylott and Dr Moriarty both tall and forcing, Irene Adler is excellent and petite and Hugh Boone is monstrous and terrible. The two most shrewdness scoundrels, Dr Roylott and Dr Moriarty it says have both acquired their detestable inclinations. The scholarly matching of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson functions admirably on the grounds that they are unique, two striking characters, so extraordinary in their capacities and needs and as all associations ought to be, founded on an incredible fellowship. I think for the most part there is just a single story which we have perused which could be portrayed as a run of the mill murder secret or investigator story and that is The Speckled Band. This is the just one with an ordinary setting, scalawag and story succession. The others are not really, with A Scandal in Bohemia not having an average setting, The Man with the Twisted Lip having a lowlife who is a similar individual as the person in question and The Final Problem bringing about the passing of the analyst. So I believe that you can sort stories into classifications however it is a lot harder to state ââ¬Å"this is a run of the mill analyst storyâ⬠or ââ¬Å"this isnââ¬â¢t in light of the fact that â⬠¦ â⬠In the end every story is extraordinary. Show see just The above review is unformatted content This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle area. flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-39821176936627896392020-08-22T06:25:00.001-07:002020-08-22T06:25:45.275-07:00The Bible Among MythFreedom UNIVERSITY A BOOK SUMMARY THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS: BY AUTHOR JOHN N. OSWALT NAME OF STUDENT: FABIOLA REID STUDENT ID: 22379938 CLASS: OBST 590 INSTRUCTORââ¬â¢S NAME: DR. ALVIN THOMPSON DATE SUBMITTED: 03/03/2013 INTRODUTION The creator, John N. Oswalt, starts his presentation, talking with respect to the contrasts between the Old Testament, religions and societies of the individuals from the Ancient Near East. As The Bible Among the Myths starts the supposition while there has been no change since the 1960ââ¬â¢s, there has been a shifted.Before at that point, Scholars accepted that the Old Testament was valid and not contrasted with some other, be that as it may, presently researchers scrutinized this conviction and have started to accept that the Old Testament compositions are like different religions of its day. [1] Oswalt proceeds by examining a most significant philosophical contrast inside the Old Testament and its peers. He expresses that there is a reasonable q ualification among ââ¬Å"essenceâ⬠and ââ¬Å"accident. â⬠[2] Oswalt states that a mishap can be something as comparable as hair, while reluctance is an essential.To expel a mishap won't cause change however to evacuate a fundamental, this thing will stop to act naturally. [3] ââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬- The writer builds up to the peruser the origination of legend additionally copying the choice that researchers keep on varying significantly on this definition; Oswalt demands this should not discourage the person from looking for a decent meaning of the word. With the end goal for him to characterize this word, he list four essential qualities of a fantasy. 1. John N. Oswalt, The Bible Among the Myths, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009, 11-12 2.Ibid, 13. 3. In the same place. The principal trademark; humanity having almost no natural worth and the subsequent trademark was the general absence of enthusiasm for authent ic investigations. The third is the act of enchantment and association with the mysterious. The fourth is the refusal to acknowledge duty regarding singular activities. [4] Oswalt finishes up his presentation with a significant case. He underscores that religious cases are indistinguishable from recorded cases. [5] Oswalt states that dependability must be dependent upon both the religious and chronicled claims.If the authentic cases are evidently bogus, at that point no assurance should be given to the philosophical declarations, In the end, I am not pushing a ââ¬Å"the Bible says it, and I trust it, and that settles itâ⬠perspective, in spite of the fact that the individuals who can't help contradicting me may contend that to be the situation. What I am upholding is a readiness to permit the Bible to decide the beginning spot of the examination. [6] CHAPTER ONE ââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬- The principal section talks about the Bible in milieu of its environmental factors and commitment to society as a whole.Oswalt makes reference to that there are numerous commitments to way the Western world perspectives reality. The Bible, be that as it may, is the most significant donor. [7] 4. On the same page, 14. 5. On the same page, 16. 6. On the same page, 17. 7. On the same page, 21. Greek Thought: The Greek rationalists of the early hundreds of years got along these lines of reasoning that was to profoundly affect the western world. The conviction, in a ââ¬Å"universeâ⬠rather than a ââ¬Å"polyverse,â⬠including, basic circumstances and logical results, just as non-inconsistency were three of their most noteworthy commitments. [8] Hebrew Thought:While the Greek scholars were battling to communicate their perspective, the Hebrews were likewise articulating their convictions by method of the prophets. Their convictions were as per the following: There is just a single God, God is the sole Creator o f all that is, God exist separated from creation, God has made himself known to his kin, God has made his will known to his kin, and God compensates and rebuffs individuals for following or defying his will. [9] Combing Greek and Hebrew Thought: ââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬- Oswalt states; when the Gospel of Jesus surmised the Israelite perspective, infiltrated into the Greco-Roman world, this set up for the blend of the Greek and the Hebrew perspectives in the unmistakably Christian manner. The Greeksââ¬â¢ sound idea joined with Hebrew peopleââ¬â¢s confidence in monotheism. [10] 8. On the same page, 22. 9. On the same page, 23. 10. On the same page, 25 Oswalt contends that rationale was not totally evolved until after individuals understood that God not exclusively was the sole maker of the universe, but on the other hand was totally discrete from the creation.What is most significant is that science and rationale can't rema in all alone and in the event that they endeavor to, at that point this will prompt implosion. Oswalt gives a model; Hiroshima and the Buchenwald death camp and humanityââ¬â¢s accomplishments when it is without Godââ¬â¢s impact. [11] CHAPTER TWO In this subsequent section, Oswalt examines his meaning of fantasy. Anyway before Oswalt starts this definition he starts to contend the very inquiry as to the fantasy and why it is addressed as of now. Oswalt makes reference to that fifty years back there would not be such a question.However by the 1960ââ¬â¢s and as more analysts inquire about the Bible, more inquiries stimulated. [12] ââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬- Oswalt wishes to apply the proper characterization to the Bible. Unequivocally, he depicts whether the Bible ought to be viewed as a legend or not. So as to appropriately respond to the inquiry, Oswalt list a few definitions presented by researchers today. As Oswalt rec orded these definitions, he likewise clarifies why he feels that they are lacking. 11. In the same place, 27. 12. In the same place, 29-30. The class of definitions falls under one gathering referred to ashistorical-Philosophical and they are as per the following; 1.Etymological â⬠in light of a bogus and imaginary divinity or occasion. 2. Sociological-Theological â⬠the fact of the matter is viewed as relative and something is viewed as obvious in the event that it is seen by others. 3. Scholarly â⬠the occasions are not seen as right or wrong. Rather, the account utilizes substantial utilization of imagery to communicate its significance. [13] ââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬- These definitions all make them thing in like manner which is at their center; they all put stock in the way of thinking of progression. Oswalt states that coherence is a philosophical rule that declares that everything is consistent with each other.Os walt utilizes a case of an individual being ââ¬Å"one with the tree. â⬠Not only emblematically or profoundly, however. The tree is me; I am the tree. [14] 13. In the same place, 33, 36, 38. 14. On the same page, 43. Section THREE Chapter three examines Continuity as the focal point of theme. Extending from part two the one thing that fantasies share for all intents and purpose at their center is the nearness of coherence. Along these lines of reasoning is seen as everything is seen as related in some structure or style. There are three significant powers (humankind, nature, and the awesome) this is the place everything exists inside the circle. 15] The impacts of congruity are various and differed in understanding. One of these impacts is taking a gander at signs in nature. The impacts are endeavored to be clarified by climate designs, floods, fire, plagues and the heavenly creatures. Different models are the impacts of richness and intensity and the distraction of the indivi duals thereof. Oswalt utilizes the case of how sexuality is so fundamental to peopleââ¬â¢s lives today is an explanation behind this impact of coherence. [16] ââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬- Finally, Oswalt manages what he feels are the basic highlights of myth.Excluding a couple of exemptions, fantasies all offer the conviction that their reality depends on Polytheism. Which is the conviction of more than one god or and numerous divine beings. The second is these divine beings as pictures. The utilization of images and symbols are accepted emphatically so as to cooperate with nature and the celestial. The divine beings themselves are not see exceptionally in certainty see modest, they are not seen as real creatures. Confliction is what is required all together for the universe to develop and fantasies have a low perspective on humanity. [17] 15. On the same page, 48. 16. In the same place, 50-56. 17. In the same place, 57-59.CHAP TER FOUR In section four Oswalt returns to qualities of the Bible. Here he contends with the subject of amazing quality, where God (who has been in presence before the universe) interfaces with all things thereof. In this Biblical manner of thinking there is uniqueness with respect to the advanced conviction frameworks from various perspectives. Anyway one must remember that the Old Testament is astoundingly self-reliable with respect to the things it keeps up about the idea of the real world. [18] Oswalt gives the peruser a widen rundown of some basic characteristics.Monotheism, obviously one of the most evident attributes of the Bible that stands apart among different religions. Except for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which are generally straightforwardly connected from the Bible. Most different religions are polytheistic. The presence of Yahweh being the main God was a characterizing trademark for the Old Testament and the Bible in general. [19] ââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬ ââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬- Another trait of the Old Testament hypothesis is that God was in presence before the all creation. All that exist is after God and God made it.Oswalt states that if the world is loaded with disorder that it isn't because of God however the spirits of this world. Oswalt makes reference to that the B flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-10841406206359668472020-08-21T19:51:00.001-07:002020-08-21T19:51:25.560-07:00Murder of JonBenet Ramsey Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsMurder of JonBenet Ramsey - Case Study Example Before the disclosure of the body, the Ramsey's discovered a payment note in the cellar from ââ¬Å"a outside factionâ⬠requesting $118,000.00 for the protected return of Jon Benet (ââ¬Å"JonBenet Ramsey Would Have Turned 22 Years Old This Week; Murder Case Remains Unsolvedâ⬠, 2012). This specific snippet of data relating to the payoff sum was a warning for the police at that point. The sum was the specific sum that John had quite recently gotten as a little something extra prior in the year, this happenstance prompted the hypothesis that by one way or another, the individual associated with the wrongdoing knew the Ramsey's on an individual level (Stuart, 2012). Be that as it may, without a subsequent approach the payoff note, the Ramsey family concluded that it would be to the greatest advantage of all worried to educate their loved ones regarding the circumstance while likewise planning to adhere to the guidelines for the payment request. The police started an escalated scan for the youngster inside hours just to have her dad illuminate them that he had discovered the body of the kid in the cellar. The official reason for death is recorded as suffocation due to craniocerebral injury. In any case, a more inside and out gander at the post-mortem records uncovers that the kid additionally experienced a skull crack and serious gruff injury. Proof assembled at the wrongdoing scene incorporated a garrote produced using tweed and the messed up handle of a paintbrush that is accepted to have been utilized to enter the kid's vagina. Despite the fact that there was infiltration, the police couldn't precisely proclaim if rape was one of the revulsions that the youngster endured in the hands of her abductors (Montaldo, 2013). Albeit a dominant part of the proof gathered by the police demonstrated that an outsider had caused the passing of JonBenet, there were as yet certain things that drove the head prosecutor to scrutinize the kidnapping hypothesis as a resu lt of the manner in which the kid's body was recuperated at home. Some way or another, the proof that the DA was seeing didn't mean a kidnapping situation. Or maybe, the sights of the police researching the case, and the media so far as that is concerned, at that point focused on the likelihood that one or the two guardians of JonBenet had caused her passing. Despite the fact that the specialists and media took care of the open lines that drove those outside of the case to accept that Patsy and John had conceivably killed their little girl without a second thought, the courts saw in any case. Patsy, who passed on of malignant growth in 2006, and John were excused by the government courts in May 2003 because of absence of solid proof to help the parent killer hypothesis (Montaldo, 2013). Their all out absolution came as new DNA proof for the situation was introduced, demonstrating that hints of DNA not having a place with relatives was found on the safeguarded garments of JonBenet (G ardner, 2010). With the disclosure of new DNA proof for the situation, one can unmistakably observe that, had the police not set upon a preliminary by exposure on the Ramsey's and focused rather on genuine police examination, they would have gotten the real perpetrator(s) for the situation. Over the span of the main examination of the case, the police had directed in excess of a couple of goofs that affected the case and set after making an exposure machine utilizing bogus spilled data to kill the enduring guardians. As a matter of first importance, since Boulder, Colorado was referred to in those days as a moderately quiet and safe spot for its flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-15301149925919279482020-08-11T23:21:00.001-07:002020-08-11T23:21:05.240-07:00We made a websiteWe made a website Iâm still working on my post about Mystery Hunt, and I realized itâs been quite some time since I last posted, so hereâs a quick blog post. For web.lab, which is an IAP class I said I was taking, we made a website! I teamed up with Dylan L. â23 and Emma Q. â23 to make em7.io. You input the melody to a song, and then it automatically generates a harmony. Clicking the Compose button links you to a page where you can record a piece using the piano keyboard. You can mess with the songâs key, time signature, and tempo; you can snap the notes to the beat, and you can drag notes around to edit them. Once youâve recorded a song, clicking the Harmonize button shows you the completed harmony, generated through our magical algorithm. You can adjust the chords paired with each note by clicking on the dropdown. After that, you can save your composition to your profile, and from there you can share your work with others. I thought that the harmony it generated for Tong Hua was pretty good, as well as for this piece that one of my friends wrote. You can look at the web.lab schedule here. The way it works is that the first week is a bunch of lectures, starting from HTML and CSS and going all the way to JavaScript, React, NodeJS, and MongoDB, and some lectures about designing websites and stuff. The second week goes into sockets and more info about CSS and JavaScript and MongoDB and design, and has lectures from sponsors, ending with a lecture on deployment and coding best practices. This goes in parallel with actually making a website. By the end of week 1, we formed teams and submitted ideas for feedback. Work on the website began in the middle of week 2. A hackathon happened in the end of week 2, and a minimum viable product was due near the start of week 3. Then another hackathon, and then the final submission was due in the middle of week 4. So really, web.lab just feels like this long hackathon. my github commit history: a visual representation of web.lab At the end of week 4 is the awards ceremony, because web.lab isnât just a class, but also a competition.01 just like a hackathon! Teams can compete for over $20,000 in total prizes. We were lucky enough to win fourth prize, which means that we get some nice prize money, a sweet plaque, and a fancy lunch with the sponsors. I imagine the winners page on the web.lab site will get updated soon, so make sure to check out other websites too!02 of the semifinalists, i really liked a href=http://day-ly.herokuapp.com/day.ly/a and a href=http://h2gro.herokuapp.com/h2gro/a that programing with a single m weirds me out but it turns out that some people still spell it that way and itâs totally fine Here are four things I learned while making this website: Having good code habits are important. I only realized how important having readable code was when I needed to build upon other peopleâs. And I only realized how important good commit messages are when I wanted to figure out what happened when I wasnât working on the project. Finding harmonies for songs involves a bit of grunt work. I thought that musicians just magically knew which chords work well with which notes. While some musicians do have this superpower, itâs also just possible to apply chord progressions and music theory knowledge to find a harmony given a sequence of notes, and thatâs how we automated it. My laptop is dying. My Thinkpad E560 could not handle running Sublime, a Node server, a hotloader, and my browser, at the same time. This isnât supposed to be a lot. I had no other applications open, and the only tab I had open on my browser was the website we were working on. This frustrated me to no end throughout the month, and we resorted to a cycle of me pushing commits and testing on a separate device. After running diagnostics, it looks like one of the my RAM chips is broken, so Iâll probably use some of the prize money to replace it. It might also just be the case that I need to buy a new laptop. I do hope that my laptop can last me at least through the end of spring. Thereâs no better feeling than deleting node_modules. I am done working on this website and I never want to touch its hacky codebase ever again. And here are four slightly deeper things I learned: A lot can happen in one month. I didnât have any experience with web development beyond HTML or CSS, so I learned a lot about JavaScript and React and MongoDB. My two teammates didnât have any web development experience at all. Looking back, I guess itâs pretty amazing how we managed to go from knowing very little to making this website, in only a month.03 in retrospect, most hackathons happen over a weekend Sometimes itâs okay not to be perfect.04 strong version thatâs probably even more true: emoften/em, itâs okay not to be perfect Itâs a far cry from a perfect website. Thereâs no privacy controls so all of the compositions are public, if youâve ever logged into the site then it shows everyone that youâve logged into the site, the note editor doesnât allow you to add or remove notes, the harmonizing algorithm works on a note level which gives bad results, and sometimes there are issues when you edit a piece and then harmonize it. But while we were working on the project, I learned that we really couldnât have everything. We only really had two-and-a-half weeks to work on it, and that it would be best if we focused on making the core features of the site as good as we could have, rather than adding half-baked feature after half-baked feature. All of a sudden, the lots and lots of advice I read started coming back. External things work great for motivating me. Although I theoretically could have learned all of this on my own, having external motivation just makes it so much easier. I did try learning more about web development before, but I eventually stopped because I learned enough to make my personal website, and didnât really have more motivation to continue beyond that. Going to web.lab lectures, building a website Iâm actually excited about, and being accountable to my teammates really motivated me in actually learning more web stuff. Itâs not just that I learned directly from the lectures, because I also learned a lot looking stuff up, but itâs more of having a reason to look stuff up and learn things in the first place. I think Iâve seen the same pattern with, say, machine learning; while I could have learned it on my own, taking a class on it gave me really good motivation for doing so. Web development probably isnât for me. Iâm not entirely excluding the possibility. JSX and ES6 and React make writing stuff for the web so much nicer than when I first started learning about web development. But JavaScript really doesnât vibe with me, and thinking about asynchronicity and promises is kind of annoying, and I enjoyed programming more when Iâm not doing it in JavaScript. Okay, this isnât really about web development and more about JavaScript,05 and maybe this isnât about javascript but more about how we used javascript but I think the point is that Iâm learning about what I like and what I dislike, and about what I enjoy and what I donât. Maybe Iâll give web development another shot in the future, and take a different route that doesnât involve the things I disliked. So, you know what, scratch that. Maybe the lesson for this one should be I tried things out, and I learned what I liked, and I learned what I disliked. And isnât that the greatest lesson of all? Finally, a huge shout out to the web.lab team for making the class possible, which probably involved looking for sponsors, preparing material, giving lectures, providing food, running hackathons, and maintaining a blazing fast three-minute average response time on Piazza. The class is run entirely by students, and I canât even imagine the effort that goes into running a class of this size. Thank you so much! just like a hackathon! back to text ? of the semifinalists, i really liked day.ly and h2gro back to text ? in retrospect, most hackathons happen over a weekend back to text ? strong version thatâs probably even more true: often, itâs okay not to be perfect back to text ? and maybe this isnât about javascript but more about how we used javascript back to text ? flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-30775789305656514462020-06-26T21:49:00.001-07:002020-06-26T21:49:02.486-07:00FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCE AND USING UNIT TRUST AS AN INVESTMENT INSTRUMENT - Free Essay Example A unit trust is a form of collective investment constituted under a trust deed. In Malaysia the first unit trust was established by a company known as Malayan Unit Trust Ltd in 1959.Malaysia introduce the unit trust concept earlier than its Asian neighbours. Malaysians can now invest unit trust online opportunely via FundHYPERLINK https://www.fundsupermart.com.my/main/research/viewContent.tpl?articleNo=593 supermart. Fund supermart provides regular investment update in the form of weekly email newsletter and quarterly magazine only to their investors. Unit trusts are open-ended investments, therefore the original value of the assets is always directly represented by the total number of units issued multiplied by the unit price less the transaction or management fee charged and any other associated costs. Each fund has a specified investment objective to determine the management aims and limitations. An investment company which purchases a fixed, unmanaged group of income-producing securities and then sells shares in the trust to investors. The major difference between a Unit Trust and a mutual fund is that a mutual fund is actively managed, while a unit investment trust is not managed at all. Capital gains, interest and dividend payments from the trust are passed on to shareholders at regular periods. If the trust is one that invests only in tax-free securities, then the income from the trust is also tax-free. A unit investment trust is generally considered a low-risk, low-return investment. Some investors prefer Unit Trusts to mu tual funds because Unit Trusts typically incur lower annual operating expenses. However, Unit Trusts often have sales charges and entrance/exit fees. It also called fixed investment trust or participating trust or Unit Investment Trust (UIT) Below are the unit trust companies in Malaysia Affin Trust Management Berhad, Alliance Investment Management, Apex Investment Service Berhad, ASM Investment Service Berhad, Avenue One Invest, CIMB Wealth Advisors, CMS Trust Management Berhad, HLG Unit Trust Berhad, Hwang-DBS Investment Management Bhd. ING Funds Berhad, MAAKL Mutual Berhad, OSK-UOB Unit Trust Management Bhd, Pacific Mutual Berhad, Pheim Unit Trust, Philip Mutual Berhad, Public Mutual Berhad, RHB Unit Trust Management Berhad, TA Investment Management Berhad Characteristics of Unit Trusts A unit trust is formed when investors invest their savings to form the trust and it gets dissolved when investors withdraw money from it. By participating in a unit trust, investors accrue greater benefits from their investments than what they would have earned from direct investment in company shares. Investment in unit trust comes with higher financial security and greater economies of scale. Investment schemes like unit trusts encourage investors to participate in equity, derivatives, debt, and money markets. Be it a regular income growth or capital growth, unit trust takes care of all types of investment objectives. Unit trusts are preferred due to their easy affordability, and excellent liquidity. Unit trusts are characterized by following features: 1. These are open-ended schemes of investment 2. Each unit trust scheme comes with distinct set of investment objective 3. These trusts are designed as per the financial limitations of investors 4. Investors investing in unit trusts have ownership in the trust assets 5. Unit trust is managed by a fund manager, who maintains the trust and tries to improve profit level Unit trusts can be categorized into two different units as follows: 1. Accumulation units are those that accumulate interest and dividend within the trust and add value to the trusts fund. 2. Distribution or income units on the other hand, distribute dividend or interest among the unit holders on a previously fixed date. 3. Creation and cancellation prices of a unit trust do not match with the offer price and bid price at all times. Profit that is earned from the difference between creation and cancellation prices of unite trusts is termed as box profit. 3.0 Advantages and disadvantages Same as any other investment plan, there are some advantages and disadvantages in investing unit trust. The advantages of unit trust are: Convenient and Low cost Investor will have professional management or expert to do the all the hard work for them in investing and unit trust can start up with a very low cost investing. Diversification Means that spreading ones investment among many securities, by doing this its help to reduce the risk and decrease the danger of losing all investment in one time. Favourable return Compare to other traditional investment product or plan the average return of unit trust is very favourable and it can easily buy and sell without difficulties. Transparency and Security Unit trust are complete transparency in the way that the price are widely published in newspapers and the performance figure are readily available for investor to compare, and it strictly regulated by the Financial Services Broad (FSB). Flexible Investing option Investor can choose from fixed monthly investing option, a lump sum or smaller sum of investment. This possible can help smaller investors to start invest relatively small amounts monthly. Easy Access Unit trust allows investor to have easy access to a wide range of investments not normally available to them and there are no minimum investments periods. Increased Buying Power Investor recourse is shared with each other investor s, allowing investor to make investments impossible as an individual investor. Affordable Investor can start with an investment amount as low as RM100. The disadvantages of unit trust are: May not suit all investor The investment plan may involve from medium to long-term investment which may not suit all of the investor, some investor may tempted to cash in their unit trust in the short-term. Loss of Control The money invested is not directly decided by investor. If the unit trust fund managers are not professional or expert enough with an investing knowledge this will put investor money or investment in a risk and sometime it may happened disagreement in investment decision. Fees and Charges Services provided by unit trust managers are not free in involve fees and charges sometime unit holder must bear with the fees that been charges because professionals unit trust manager provide the professional expertise to investor. Opportunity Cost Investor may loss other opportunity in investing other investment because the money had putted to invest in unit trust. Market Risk Market uncertainties and changes of market may affect the net asset value (NAV) of unit trust which may fall or rise thus cause the income generated by the fund to change. Liquidity Risk It related to the ability to quickly and easy trade at a reasonable price, if is difficult to sell the fund manager may need to sell the fund at a discount to fair it value, which it may affect the capital invested. Inflation Risk Return of investment may not able to keep pace with inflation in the short run, it may occasionally experience loss. Interest Risk Movement of interest rate affects the fund. It may cause the value of the investment even if the fund does not invest in interest bearing instrument. 4.0 Types of instruments Unit trust is a good investment instrument for medium to long term investment. Listed below are types of unit trust fund currently available in Malaysia. 1. Income Fund Invest in fixed income securities and huge dividend-yielding shares with the view to pay out most of the returns. Suitable for investors seeking income and some level of growth at low risks. 2. Capital Growth Fund Invest primarily in shares with the view to maximize capital growth over the long-term (i.e. through a higher unit price). Appeal to high-risk investors keen on capital accumulation. 3. Aggressive growth funds Similar to capital growth funds but with investments in aggressive, fast track shares that promise high returns with higher risk. Generally suitable for high-risk investors. 3. Balanced funds It have three objectives: income, moderate capital appreciation and capital preservation. Invest across a broad spread of asset categories including shares, fixed income securities and cash. Well-diversified and suitable for investors looking for reasonably safe investments where the risks are lower and which produce average returns. 4. Index funds Invest in a basket of shares that tracks a selected stock market index. 5. Bond funds Invest only in fixed income securities such as bonds and short-term money-market instruments. All bond funds are subject to interest rate risk and most to credit or default risk of the issuers. 6. Money market funds Invest only in short-term money market instruments such as treasury bills, negotiable certificates of deposit and bankers acceptances, with maturity of less than 90 days. Since the funds invest in money market instruments, the returns, while small, are generally more attractive compared to saving deposits. Good for investors looking for liquidity, and perhaps a temporary place to park their funds before they commit to other funds. 7. Islamic funds Managed according to Syariah principles; invest in shares and fixed income securities which excludes non-halal shares and interest-bearing money market instruments. 8. State funds Managed by the state development corporations for investors from the respective states. 5.0 Recommendations Unit trust is getting popular nowadays due to potentially higher return when compare to fixed deposit or EPF saving. Furthermore, EPF is providing an option to withdraw some or your EPF saving for the purpose of investing in unit trust. If you still wondering whether to invest in unit trust or not, you should see the reason why you should. As mention on the above, Unit Trust being well-diversified financial instruments, they are less risky than if you were to invest in individual stocks. You can gather investment opportunities from all over the world, as they are invested globally and into different financial instruments. They are managed by professional fund managers who aim to obtain higher returns for your money. You do not need to monitor equity markets closely for fluctuations. Some more, there is a wide selection of unit trusts available to meet the different investment objectives of investors. If you staying invested over time, these returns can compound to very attractive amounts, unlike savings deposits. 6.0 Conclusion From the discussion on the above, we know much knowledge from this assignment and we know that Unit Trust is an investment that considered a low-risk, low-return investment compare with other investments. There are a number of companies are providing Unit Trust for people to invest, and more and more people to invest nowadays. Advantages of Unit Trust investment are more than disadvantages even it still have some risks. In a conclusion, they are two types of people should invest Unit Trust: If you have no time or no interest to invest and to research yourself and other one is f you are high income earner like doctors, famous artists, etc. that you can earn more by spending your time on your tasks instead of investing. flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-49771854378694046232020-05-23T19:57:00.001-07:002020-05-23T19:57:03.851-07:00Cal State Monterey Bay Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA California State University, Monterey Bay is a public university with an acceptance rate of 59%. Founded in 1994, CSUMB has a coastal setting in Seaside, California. Cal State Monterey Bay emphasizes hands-on, outcome-based learning and interaction between faculty and students. The CSUMB experience begins with a first-year seminar and concludes with a senior capstone project. In Athletics, the CSUMB Otters compete in the NCAA Division IIà California Collegiate Athletic Association. Considering applying to Cal State Monterey Bay? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 12,423 Percent Admitted 59% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 14% SAT Scores and Requirements Cal State University Monterey Bay requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 92% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 480 590 Math 480 570 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Cal State Monterey Bays admitted students fall within theà bottom 29% nationallyà on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to CSUMB scored between 480 and 590, while 25% scored below 480 and 25% scored above 590. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 480 and 570, while 25% scored below 480 and 25% scored above 570. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1160 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Cal State Monterey Bay. Requirements Cal State Monterey Bay does not require the SAT writing section. Note that CSUMB will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. SAT Subject test scores are not required, but if the score meets a benchmark, it may be used to fulfill certain core course requirements. ACT Scores and Requirements Cal State Monterey Bay requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 40% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 16 23 Math 17 23 Composite 17 23 This admissions data tells us that most of Cal State Monterey Bays admitted students fall within theà bottom 33% nationallyà on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to CSUMB received a composite ACT score between 17 and 23, while 25% scored above 23 and 25% scored below 17. Requirements Cal State Monterey Bay does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, CSUMB superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for incoming Cal State Monterey Bay freshmen was 3.39. This data suggests that most successful applicants to CSUMB have primarily B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Cal State Monterey Bay Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Cal State Monterey Bay. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Cal State Monterey Bay, which accepts just over half of applicants, has a selective admissions process. Unlike theà University of California System, theà California State Universityà admission process is notà holistic. Except for EOP (Educational Opportunity Program) students, applicants doà notà need to submit letters of recommendation or an application essay, and extracurricular involvement is not part of the standard application. Instead, admissions areà based primarily on anà eligibility indexà that combines GPA and test scores. Minimum high school course requirements (A-G college preparatory requirements) include four years of English; three years of math; two years of history and social science; two years of laboratory science; two years of a foreign language other than English; one year of visual or performing arts; and one year of a college preparatory elective. The reasons why an applicant with adequate scores and grades would be rejected tends to come down to factors such as insufficient college preparatory classes, high school classes that werent challenging, or an incomplete application. Be aware that California State University, Monterey Bay is designated asà impactedà because it receives more applications than can be accommodated. Impacted CSUSM majors include: Biology, Business Administration, Computer Science, Kinesiology, Marine Science, Psychology, and Undeclared. Each of the impacted programs have additional requirements for eligibility. In the graph above, accepted students are represented by the blue and green dots. As you can see, the majority of admitted students had a high school average of B or better, SAT scores (ERWM) of 950 or higher, and ACT scores of 18 or higher. If You Like CSUMB, You May Also Like These Schools Occidental CollegeCalifornia State University, ChicoCalifornia State University, San BernardinoCalifornia State University, Los AngelesCalifornia State University San MarcosUniversity of California, Santa Cruz All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and California State University, Monterey Bay Undergraduate Admissions Office. flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-14782769936152452542020-05-18T21:29:00.001-07:002020-05-18T21:29:03.064-07:00Germanic Culture Preserved in Beowulf - 1284 Words Germanic Culture Preserved in Beowulf Many differences can be found between early Germanic culture and our culture today. Beowulf,the story of the triumphs of a great warrior over near impossible feats, takes place in Scandanavia during the 450s. In this tale, the war obsessed men exhibit values important to the early Germanic culture. Recording such an epic tale not only immortalizes the hero of the poem, but in turn also makes certain that these Scandanavian ways of life will never be forgotten. Their morals, while on the surface seem wrong compared to those found in society today, make sense to them because of the unwritten rules they have set up. The differences in these cultures make it difficult for people today to find interestâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Throughout the story, the text brings out the value of revenge through Grendel s mother avenging her son, the tale of Herebeald and Haetheyn told by Beowulf, and the effects that death has on other characters. Revenge can be a way people in this time period to honor the memory of a fallen kinsman. With no legal system like that of which can be found in American society today, the only way they see fit to find justice for the crime of murder comes from murdering those responsible. This cycle, while seemingly never ending, can be stopped by paying a weregild, or an amount of money giving to absolve one of a crime they have committed. This speaks volumes of the importance of vengeance over the death of a kin, considering the great value money has to this culture. One example of this, the death of a man in the Geats party during the fight with Grendel. Beowulf makes it clear that he expects a payment from Hrothgar, which shows that the price put on the life of a man comes before keeping his memory alive once he passes. While weregild can be used to deal with death, the other would be to kill the responsible party. This task usually falls on the kin of the deceased, just as Grendel s mother avenges the death of her son after his death at the hands of Beowulf. There are instances where these two options do not apply. Beowulf tells the tale of brothers HerebealdShow MoreRelatedAnglo-Saxon Heroic Poetry5673 Words à |à 23 PagesOld English poetry is divided into two types: the Heroic, the sources of which are pre-Christian Germanic myth, history and custom; and the Christian. Heroic, or Epic Poetry belongs to one of these two types and refers to long narrative poems celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, in a grand, ceremonious style. In its strict use by literary critics, the terms Heroic Poetry or Epic are applied to a work that meets the following criteria: such a poem must be related in anRead MoreHistory Of Ancient Poetry Ghosh ( 1 )995 Words à |à 4 Pageswas characterized by foreign invasions and internal struggles. This resulted within the admixture of many races, tongues and cultures. Once the Romans departed from British Isles in 407 AD fighting continuing between the Picts and therefore the Scots who had lost their common enemy. The fifth century additionally saw conquests and therefore the gradual occupation by Germanic tribes - Angles, Jutes and Saxons - who had rapt north to Scandinavia and from there to Great Britain aside from creating conquestsRead More The Anglo-Saxon poems, The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and The Wifeââ¬â¢s Lament3469 Words à |à 14 Pagescultureââ¬â¢s societal structure, and religious struggle of the Old English time period: making the transition from paganism to Christianity. In order to understand how these poems mirror the Anglo-Saxonsââ¬â¢ lives, one must know a little history about the culture. In the fifth century, the inhabitants of the island of Britain hired German mercenaries to defend them against their warring neighbors, the Picts and the Scots. 2 After having defeated the enemies, the pagan Angles, or Saxons, revolted against theirRead MoreQuestion and Correct Answer7042 Words à |à 29 PagesWorld culture quiz ï⠷ Question 1 2 out of 2 points | | | Why did the arts develop in Mesopotamia?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | à à As celebrations of the priest-kings power | Correct Answer: | à à As celebrations of the priest-kings power | | | | | ï⠷ Question 2 2 out of 2 points | | | What did lost-wax casting enable the Mesopotamian sculptors to create?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | à à Larger and more lightweight bronze pieces | Correct Answer: | à à Larger flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-56662146453055964472020-05-12T18:43:00.001-07:002020-05-12T18:43:02.933-07:00Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner Essay - 733 Words The twentieth century was a turning point in the way we view behavior. Sigmund Freud shook the medical world when he claimed that unconscious forces dictate our behavior and childhood experiences play a large role in personality formation. Freudââ¬â¢s psychoanalytic theory placed the subject of behavior into the forefront of medical study. Freudââ¬â¢s theory brought much criticism and controversy but most importantly; it brought interest to the subject of behavior and personality. This newfound interest caused many young doctors to begin studying how behavior is created. Many new theories would follow Freudââ¬â¢s and forever change the way science views behavior. Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner are three of the men that contributed inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Eventually, the irrational fear may be deconditioned. B.F. Skinner agreed with Pavlov but he believed there was more than one way that conditioning takes place. Skinner believed that learning could take place as a result of stimuli that took place after the action. Skinner stated that a simple system of rewards and consequences governed much of human behavior. When a person is rewarded for an action they are more likely to repeat that action. When an action is followed by unfavorable consequences it is more unlikely the action will be repeated. Skinner called this operant conditioning. His principle has three components reinforcement, extinction, and punishment. Skinner recognized two types of reinforcement, negative and positive (reward). An example of positive reinforcement would be a parent giving their child a dollar for every A they received on their report card. Negative reinforcement would be taking away your sons driving privileges because he failed his math exam. Positive reinforcement strengthens the chance behavior will be re peated while negative strengthens the chance negative behavior will cease. Extinction is a weakening of the response to the conditioning. Punishment refers to any response that leads to a negative outcome. When an outcome continues to be negative the behavior will begin to cease. Skinnerââ¬â¢s theories continue to be popular today. John Watson was the founder of theShow MoreRelatedIvan Pavlov, John Watson, And B. F. Skinner1272 Words à |à 6 PagesLearning Theories are one of the largest branches of modern psychology, branching mainly from the theory presented by Ivan Pavlov in the early twentieth century. Learning, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is described as the modification of a behavioral tendency by experience. In psychology terms, learning is often known as a lasting change in behavior as a result of experience. The psychology behind learning became more and more of a focus in the early 1900ââ¬â¢s as behaviorism (the theoryRead MoreEssay Operant Conditioning1743 Words à |à 7 PagesIvan Pavlov Classical conditioning is a method used in behavioral studies. It is known as classical because it is the first study of laws of learning/conditioning, It is a learned reaction that you do when evoked by a stimulus. Ivan Pavlov was the scientist who discovered classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia. He lived from 1849 - 1936 . Pavlovââ¬â¢s field of study was physiology and natural science. One of Pavlovââ¬â¢s discoveries was the conditioning of dogs. WhileRead MoreTheories About Human Behaviour And Its Effects On Human Behavior999 Words à |à 4 Pagesscientific study of objectively observable behaviourâ⬠(pg 19). Behaviours that can be observed include covert behaviours, like thoughts and emotions, and behaviourism can be used to analyse these and then modify them. In the 20th century Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson and Skinner all played very important roles in the emergence of Behaviourism and helped tear away from other psychology fields. 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Then finally weigh up how Skinner has impacted the understanding of behaviour. How Behaviourism and Social Learning Theory contribute to the understanding of learning Behaviourism is the theory that human beings and animals can be conditioned to act a certain way. This started with the observations from Pavlov in 1902, in which he conducted and experiment withRead MoreBehaviorism or Black Box Psychology Essay1181 Words à |à 5 Pageshave a stronger scientific footing (Lilienfeld, Lynn, Namy, Woolf). The major behaviorists are Watson and Skinner. Pavlov also had a major impact on this particular branch of psychology. I will discuss a little about each of their major experiments and the contributions they made to the field of psychology; as well as how they can be applied to things in everyday life. A physiologist known as Ivan Pavlov had a big impact on the field of psychology particularly, the behaviorist movement, he is knownRead MoreBehaviorism As A Psychological Theory Of Human Development942 Words à |à 4 Pages1950 and is based on a number of underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis. (McLeod, 2007 ) Behaviorism became one of the main focuses in psychology. Behaviorism was first studied and developed by John B Watson in 1912. John B. Watson was an American Psychologist whoââ¬â¢s theory of behaviorism lead him down a path where he introduced the psychological school of behaviorism and there is where he established the belief that behavior can be taught in a certain way and eventuallyRead MoreBehaviorism : Behaviorism And Behaviorism847 Words à |à 4 PagesPsychology, behaviorism is a theory of learning that is based upon the idea that all behaviors are obtained from outside observations and not in thoughts or feelings. In the twentieth century, three significant behaviorists John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner determined that behaviorism is the study of observable behavior, as opposed to internal events such as emotions and cogitation (Moore). Although the three behaviorists encounter their theories of behaviorism differently, their ideasRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning Theory Essay712 Words à |à 3 Pagesl ook at evaluating the theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, Edward Thorndike, BF Skinner, John Bowlby (1958), and Mary Anisworth (1979) Two important learning theories of behaviorist perspective are classical and operant conditioning and are two important concepts to psychology. The processes are different but they both result in learning. Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behaviour through the process of association. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) discovered the concept of classicalRead MoreBehaviorism Views On Human Behavior1030 Words à |à 5 Pagesthemanagement of more severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Early Theorists: Pavlov (1849-1936) Ivan P. Pavlov is Russia s most famous scientist. He first won greatdistinction for his research on the physiology of th digestive system. Pavlovencountered a methodological problem that was ultimately to prove moreimportant and more interesting than his physiological research. He haddiscovered conditioning. For Pavlov, all behavior was reflexive. But how do such behaviors differfrom the behavior flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-89821016165871913402020-05-06T21:14:00.001-07:002020-05-06T21:14:14.014-07:00An Analysis of Henry Gates Jr. and ââ¬Åthe Signifying Monkeyââ¬Â Midterm Essay An Analysis of Henry Gates Jr. and ââ¬Å"The Signifying Monkeyâ⬠It is certain that when you are exposed to an authorââ¬â¢s work you want to categorize that author into a certain group. Perhaps this practice of categorizing a composer can help the reader understand the piece of literature. Henry Gates has helped understand and criticize many African American Literature authors that are exposed through the canon in secondary English Education. As a teacher, it is essential to introduce Postcolonialism into the classroom as well as postcolonialist critics such as Henry Gates Jr. Furthermore, as I teach my African American literature class I have found myself searching for supplemental material to suppose the authors that I introduceâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It is sad and unjust to think that as Americans we are introduced to many Greek mythologies through our formal education then African American mythology; when will we re write the curriculum and change this ill to society? The first step to this would be having teachers introduce Gates wo rk into a secondary classroom. Gates examines how, in oral culture, the trickster figure of the monkey outsmarts the stronger lion through signifying: using language to play tricks. In its general outlines, the monkeyââ¬â¢s story goes like this. Although the lion claims to be king of the jungle, everyone knows who the real king is: it is the elephant. The monkey, fed up with the lionââ¬â¢s roaring, decides to do something about it. He insults the lion publicly and at length and when the lion grows angry, the monkey shrugs that he is merely repeating what the elephant has been saying. Furious, the lion heads out to challenge the elephant, who impassively trounces him. The monkey either gets away with his deception or does not (there are differing versions), but in any event he is a success at signifying. Of course Gates includes several versions of the signifying monkey poem, many containing almost shocking renditions all were contained the principle of a play on words or even being the bearer of language. If I were to introduce Gates concepts into my inner-city classroom I would use the example of battle rapping to address many of the concepts that GatesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Race and Class in Alice Walkers Color Purple1622 Words à |à 7 PagesWalkers domestic narrative undertakes a sustained analysis of race through the careful development of family relationships - or kinship - as an extended textual trope for race relations. Any attempt to oppose political and personal discourses in the novel collapses when one recognizes that the narrative adopts the discourse of family relations both to establish a domestic ideal for racial integration and to problematize that ideal through the analysis of specific integrated family groupings in AfricaRead MoreManagement Course: MbaâËâ10 General Management215330 Words à |à 862 Pageseffort; and skilled workers could produce only a few cars in a day. Although these cars were of high quality, they were too expensive. Managers of early car companies needed better techniques to increase efï ¬ ciency, reduce costs, and sell more cars. Henry Ford revolutionized the car industry. In 1913, Ford opened the Highland Park car plant in Detroit to produce the Model T Ford, and his team of manufacturing managers pioneered the development of mass- production manufacturing, a system that made flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-57908265864042085772020-05-06T12:46:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:46:57.148-07:00The Future of Marriage in America Free Essays string(65) " children of the lower classes often do not have this advantage\." http://marriage. rutgers. edu/Publications/SOOU/TEXTSOOU2007. We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Marriage in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now htm The State of Our Unions The Social Health of Marriage in America 2007 Essay: The Future of Marriage in America David Popenoe à © Copyright 2007 Introduction In this yearââ¬â¢s essay, David Popenoe argues that long-term trends point to the gradual weakening of marriage as the primary social institution of family life. More Americans today are living together, marrying at older ages or not at all, and rearing children in cohabiting or solo parent households. Overall, the U. S. trends are following the far-advanced trends toward nonmarriage in Northwestern European nations, albeit at a slower and more uneven pace. Popenoe attributes the weakening of marriage to a broad cultural shift away from religion and social traditionalism and toward faith in personal independence and tolerance for diverse life styles ââ¬â otherwise known as ââ¬Å"secular individualism. â⬠This cultural shift is a central feature of modern societies and therefore unlikely to be reversed. Compared to Europeans, moreover, Americans are more libertarian and thus may be more susceptible to harshly negative consequences of secular individualism on family life. As Popenoe concludes, it will probably require a cultural awakening, perhaps prompted by rational self-interest, to avoid such an outcome. We will have to adopt the view that personal happiness depends on high-trust and lasting relationships and that such relationships require constraints on short-term adult interests in order to foster long-term commitments to children, and thus to the future. Barbara Dafoe Whitehead THE FUTURE OF MARRIAGE IN AMERICA David Popenoe Almost a decade ago, in our first annual State of Our Unions Report in 1999, the lead essay was ââ¬Å"Whatââ¬â¢s Happening to Marriage. â⬠The picture we painted was hopeful, if not especially optimistic. Marriage, we reported, ââ¬Å"is weakening but it is too soon to write its obituary. â⬠In this, our ninth annual report to the nation, I want to summarize what has been happening to marriage in recent years and peer into the future. One question in particular is compelling: Is marriage in America headed in the direction of the European nations, where it is an even weaker social institution than in the United States? Or are we, as in other areas of our national lifeââ¬âsuch as our higher level of religious participation and beliefââ¬âthe great exception to the seemingly entrenched trends of the developed, Western societies? This raises, in turn, another intriguing question: Is America still a single nation in family terms, or are we becoming more divided by region and class? Marriage and Family Trends of the Past Decade There can be no doubt that the institution of marriage has continued to weaken in recent years. Whereas marriage was once the dominant and single acceptable form of living arrangement for couples and children, it is no longer. Today, there is more ââ¬Å"family diversity:â⬠Fewer adults are married, more are divorced or remaining single, and more are living together outside of marriage or living alone. [The most recent data are available in the second half of this report. Today, more children are born out-of-wedlock (now almost four out of ten), and more are living in stepfamilies, with cohabiting but unmarried adults, or with a single parent. This means that more children each year are not living in families that include their own married, biological parents, which by all available empirical evidence is the gold standard for insuring optimal outcomes in a childââ¬â¢s development. In the late 1990s quite a bit was written about a ââ¬Å"marriage and family turnaround,â⬠or a reversal of the many family weakening trends. Most negative family trends have slowed appreciably in recent years; they have not continued in the dramatically swift trajectory upward that prevailed in the 1970s and 1980s. Much of this may be due simply to the slowing of social trends as they ââ¬Å"mature. â⬠The only major family trend that has actually reversed direction is divorce. After rising steeply, beginning around 1965, the divorce rate has dropped gradually since the early 1980s, apparently mainly the result of adults becoming better educated and marrying at a later age. Other possible reasons for the decreasing divorce rate are the rise of non-marital cohabitation and a decline in second and subsequent marriages. Divorcees, for example, have become more likely to cohabit rather than remarry, thus avoiding remarriages that have always had a disproportionately high risk of divorce. The Marriage Gap One surprising development of recent years is the growth of a marriage and divorce ââ¬Å"gapâ⬠between differently educated segments of the population. People who have completed college (around a quarter of the population) tend to have significantly higher marriage and lower divorce rates compared to those with less education. Among those married in the early 1990s, for example, only 16. 5 percent of college educated women were divorced within ten years, compared to 46 percent for high school dropouts. Indeed, most of the recent divorce rate decline has been among the college educated; for those with less than a high school education, the divorce rate actually has been rising. 1) The weakening of marriage and the resultant growth of family diversity thus is found much more prominently among those with less education and associated lower incomes. The underlying reason for this may be as simple as the fact that the personality and social characteristics enabling one to complete college are similar to those that foster todayââ¬â¢s long-term marriages. Or, that delayed entry into the adult world of work and childbearing, and the incr ease in income and knowledge that college typically fosters, better allows mature values and financial security to undergird choice of partner and family life. Whatever the reasons, this marriage and divorce gap has been a major contributor to the growing economic inequality in America. Some expect the marriage gap to grow larger in the future because children tend to follow the family behavior of their parents. Children of the educated and financially comfortable are better socialized to marry successfully and to contain childbearing within marriage, whereas children of the lower classes often do not have this advantage. You read "The Future of Marriage in America" in category "Papers" But it is doubtful that this gap will have much effect on the over-all drift of marriage in America. The increase in the college-educated portion of the population has been slowing appreciably. And the fertility of college-educated women has dropped. Twenty-four percent of college-educated women aged 40-44 were childless in 2004, compared to only 15 percent of women that age who didnââ¬â¢t finish high school. (2) On a national scale, the continuation of this fertility discrepancy could seriously counteract any beneficial family effects of higher education. The European Direction No matter how weak it has become, however, compared to other modern nations marriage remains at the center of American life. About 85 percent of Americans are expected to marry sometime in their lives, compared to less than 70 percent in a number of European nations. Only ten percent of Americans in an international survey agreed that ââ¬Å"marriage is an out-dated institution,â⬠compared to 26 percent in the UK and 36 percent in France. (3) Only about ten percent of American couples are cohabiting outside of marriage, compared to almost one third in Sweden. And our commercial wedding industry certainly has become huge. Yet an overriding question is whether marriage and family trends in every modern society are headed in a common direction. In other words, is there a set of family trends endemic to modern (urban, industrial, democratic, and still mostly Western) societies that supercedes economic, cultural, and even religious differences among regions and nations? If so, the current family system in the United States is not an exception but merely a laggard; we will gradually be swept up in the tide. Up to now, the pacesetters in most contemporary marriage and family trendsââ¬âall moving in the direction of a non-marriage cultureââ¬âhave been the nations of Northwestern Europe, especially the Nordic countries. They have the latest age at first marriage, the lowest marriage and highest non-marital cohabitation rates, and the largest number of out-of-wedlock births. The nations in Southern Europe such as Spain, Italy and Greece, with less cohabitation and fewer out-of-wedlock births, tend to look more like the United States. Family traditionalism remains stronger in these southern nations, and young people live longer in their childhood homes, often until they marry, rather than living independently or in cohabiting unions. The United Kingdom and the Anglo-settler nations, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, typically stand somewhere in between the two extremes. But with respect to each of the dominant family trends of recent decades the other modern nations have been moving, albeit at varying speeds and not without some temporary lapses, in the Northwest European direction. The percentage of people getting married has been going down, the number of people cohabiting outside of marriage has been increasing, and the out-of-wedlock birth percentage has been skyrocketing. Between the early to mid 1990s and the early 2000s, for example, the marriage rate dropped twelve percent in Italy, 14 percent in Spain, 22 percent in Canada, 28 percent in New Zealand and 24 percent in the United States. At the same time, the non-marital cohabitation percentage (of all couples) climbed 23 percent in Italy and Australia, 53 percent in the United Kingdom, and 49 percent in the United States. The nonmarital birth rate jumped 24 percent in the United States, 48 percent in the United Kingdom, 96 percent in Italy, and a whopping 144 percent in Spain. 4) In one major respect the United States has long been the pacesetter and not the laggard. For generations, we have had the highest divorce rate. Yet even this is now changing. The U. S. rate has been dropping for several decades, while the divorce rate in many European nations has stayed the same or been climbing. The number of divorces per one thousand married women in the United Kingdom in 2002 was 14. 4, not too far from the United States rate of 18. 4. In the past, the incidence of family breakup was closely aligned with the incidence of divorce, but this is no longer the case. Because more people now cohabit in place of marrying, when a cohabiting couple breaks up it is not registered as a divorce would be. Unfortunately, we have no standard reporting system for the breakup of cohabiting couples, but all empirical studies show that cohabiting couples breakup at a much higher rate than married couples. While only ten percent of American couples cohabit, some 20 percent of British couples do. So if we are considering total family breakup, it is likely the case that Britain plus a number of other European nations now surpass us. There is one other important respect in which America has been in the vanguard of family trendsââ¬âwe have the highest percentage of mother-only families. Many European nations have a much higher percentage of out-of-wedlock births than we do, but the great majority of these births are to unmarried but cohabiting couples. In America, much more often, children are born to a lone mother with the father not in residence and often out of the childââ¬â¢s life. Nearly half of all extramarital births in America were of this nature in 2001, according to the latest available data. 5) One reason is our relatively high percentage of births to teenagers, 80 percent of which are non-marital and more than half of those to lone mothers; another is that 70 percent of all unwed births to African Americans are to lone mothers. However, the gap in mother-only families between the United States and other nations of the West is also in the process of diminishing. Being born to a lone mother is onl y one route to living in a mother-only family. Another route is through the break-up of parents after the child is born, which is far more common among parents who cohabit compared to those who marry. With parental break-up rates in other nations climbing rapidly, thanks largely to increased non-marital cohabitation, many of these nations are catching up with us in the alarming statistic of mother-only families. Even by the early 1990s, according to the calculations of several scholars, New Zealand had caught up with the United States with nearly 50 percent of children expected to experience single parenting by age 15, and the figure for Canada and five European countries exceeded 33 percent. (6) These percentages would probably be much higher if they were recalculated today using more recent data. So if we are moving in the direction of the more negative family trends of other modern nations, and they are moving in the direction of our negative trends, where does this leave us? Arenââ¬â¢t we all in a common basket, destined to witness an institution of marriage that is ever weakening? Before considering this, let us first have a look at the possibility that America is becoming increasingly bifurcated into two distinct cultures. Could it be that only one part of America is moving in a European family direction? The American Red-Blue Divide The recent family trends in the Western nations have been largely generated by a distinctive set of cultural values that scholars have come to label ââ¬Å"secular individualism. â⬠It features the gradual abandonment of religious attendance and beliefs, a strong leaning toward ââ¬Å"expressiveâ⬠values that are preoccupied with personal autonomy and self-fulfillment, and a political emphasis on egalitarianism and the tolerance of diverse lifestyles. An established empirical generalization is that the greater the dominance of secular individualism in a culture, the more fragmented the families. The fundamental reason is that the traditional nuclear family is a somewhat inegalitarian group (not only between husbands and wives but also parents and children) that requires the suppression of some individuality and also has been strongly supported by, and governed by the rules of, orthodox religions. As a seeming impediment to personal autonomy and social equality, therefore, the traditional family is an especially attractive unit for attacks from a secular individualistic perspective. On average, America has been moving in the direction of secular individualism, as can be seen in the general drift of our family trends. But the ââ¬Å"on averageâ⬠covers up some very substantial variations, some of which account for why, looked at internationally, we are a nation with relatively conservative family values. A recent National Cultural Values Survey (7) found that American adults usefully can be split into three groups, based on the degree to which they have embraced secular individualism, ranging from the Orthodox to the Progressives, with Independents in the middle. The survey found 31 percent of the population in the religiously Orthodox category, 17 percent in the secular Progressive category, and 46 percent as Independents. The Orthodox category is far larger than one finds in Western Europe and the other Anglo nations, and the Progressive category (i. e. , secular individualist) is considerably smaller, and therein lies the major basis for American family exceptionalism. One thing that makes these categories so prominent in American culture is that they are strongly expressed geographically. As analyzed by demographers at the University of Michigan, the two extremes are reflected in the so-called Red (Republican) and Blue (Democratic) state distinction frequently made in recent national political analysis. 8) The more Progressive Blue states are principally those of the Northeast, the Upper Midwest, and the West Coast, while the more Orthodox Red states are found in the South, the lower Midwest, and the Mountain region of the West. Reflecting their different ideologies, the Blue states tend to have lower marriage and higher cohabitation rates, along with lower fertility, while the Red states are more t raditional in their family structure. [See box in the second half of this report. The ideology and family behavior found in the Blue states resembles that of the other Western nations, although not quite as far down the path of Progressivism. If one were referring only to this part of America, one would not be talking about American exceptionalism. The large Orthodox population of the Red states, however, does give the United States a unique configuration in the modern world. If it were not for this population, we would not be having a ââ¬Å"culture warâ⬠and we probably would not even be having a national conversation about the weakening of marriage. There is no such conversation about marriage in the Northwestern European nations, despite the fact that the institution of marriage is considerably weaker there than it is here. It is clear that the family structure of America is exceptional in some respects. The question is, are we so exceptional that we can resist the modern trend of marriage and family decline? So far the answer is noââ¬âwe have been headed down the same path as every other modern, Western society toward ever-increasing secular individualism with its associated family structures. If this trend continues, the family structure of the Red states will come to look more and more like todayââ¬â¢s Blue states, and the Blue states will look ever more like Europe. The Prospect for Cultural Change To reverse this trend of marriage and family decline would take a cultural transformation of some kind, and it is interesting to consider and evaluate what this might look like, and what could bring it about. One potential source of change would be a significant expansion in influence and authority of todayââ¬â¢s orthodox, anti-individualist religions. Much has been written in recent years about the weakening of secularization, pointing out that modernization no longer necessarily means the demise of religion. The evidence for this comes from the newly modernizing countries of the world, however, where orthodox religions have actually been gaining, rather than losing, strength. There is no evidence that anything like this has been happening to date in the Western European and Anglo nations. Quite the opposite; with each passing year these nationsââ¬âincluding the United Statesââ¬âare more secular than ever before. The National Cultural Values Survey noted above found that regular churchgoing has dipped below 50 percent and only 36 percent believe ââ¬Å"people should live by Godââ¬â¢s principles,â⬠concluding that ââ¬Å"America no longer enjoys cultural consensus on God, religion, and what constitutes right and wrong. ââ¬Å"(9) A powerful indicator of future trends are the beliefs and attitudes of todayââ¬â¢s young people, which are unmistakably more secular and individualist than those of their elders. A recent study concluded that emerging adults (ages 18-24) in America, compared to their earlier counterparts and their older contemporaries, are more disaffected and disconnected from society, more cynical or negative about people, and have moved in a liberal direction. (10) A Pew Foundation national survey found that 20 percent of todayââ¬â¢s young people (18-24) say they have no religious affiliation or are atheist or agnostic, nearly double the percentage of the non-religious found in that age group less than 20 years ago. In the same time period the percentage of young people who did not agree that they had ââ¬Å"old fashioned values about family and marriageâ⬠jumped from 17 percent to 31 percent. (11) A study in Britain, starkly pointing up the entrenched nature of this generational shift, found that a child with two religious parents has only a 50 percent chance of being religious, while a child with one religious parent has 25 percent chance of being religious. 12) Another cultural transformation that could move the family in a more traditional direction is widespread immigration. In combination with low birthrates, massive immigration is capable of changing the culture, social experiences, and self-identity of a populationââ¬âincluding the ideologies of secularism and individualism. This possibility is beginning to be discussed in Europe, where birthrates in many nations remain well below replacement level and immigration, mostly from orthodox Muslim countries with high birthrates, is h igh and growing. The percentage of foreign born in many Western European nations is now similar to that in America, around twelve percent, but the birthrates of these groups are typically far higher than the indigenous populations. Projections are that the percentage of people of ââ¬Å"foreign originâ⬠may reach as high as one third in some European nations by 2050, and far higher than that in the major cities. (13) What is not known is how these new immigrants ultimately will react to secular individualism and the other cultural beliefs and practices of modern, Western democracies. As many have noted, because of long-standing antipathies between peoples of the Muslim faith and those of Christianity, often violent and going back well more than a millennium, it does seem possible that Europe faces the prospect of a major cultural transformation sometime in the future through immigrants who, rather than assimilate, will pull the culture in a new direction. The immigration situation in the United States, however, is different, and it does not seem as likely that in the foreseeable future immigrant groups will be able to seriously shift our culture in a more traditional direction. The most likely candidate for cultural change, of course, is the growing Hispanic population. The percentage of Hispanics is projected to reach 25 percent of the total population by 2050, when non-Hispanic Whites will make up only a slim majority. (14) But unlike Europe we are already a nation made up of many different immigrant groups; many Hispanics have been here for years, and they share a common religious heritage in Christianity. Thus Hispanics donââ¬â¢t pose the same threat of not assimilating to Western culture as do the Muslims. Indeed, to date, Hispanics seem to have assimilated into the American culture of secular individualism more than the reverse. For example, the unwed birth percentage among Hispanics has jumped from 19 percent in 1980 to 48 percent in 2005 and stands well above the percentage for the non-Hispanic White population (25 percent). Hispanics have the same divorce rate as non-Hispanic Whites, and in recent years their rate of non-marital cohabitation has grown faster than that of any other immigrant group. These trends contradict earlier expectations that Hispanics might bring this nation a new wave of family traditionalism. The prediction of the continued growth of secular individualism within modern cultures rests on some powerful facts. So far in the Western experience, at least, the dominant sociological factors associated with secular individualism are that the higher the educational and income levels of a population, and the more urbanized it is, the greater the degree of secular individualism. Is it likely that any time in the near future educational, income, and urbanization levels in America will drop? They have been increasing inexorably for three centuries, so a turnaround would most likely occur only in the event of some catastrophe, either natural or man-made. Absent such a catastrophe (which certainly can not be ruled out in todayââ¬â¢s world), the most likely future scenario is that secular individualism will increasingly dominate the cultures of the West. The best prospects for cultural change, therefore, rest on the possibility that, at some time in the future, new generations of secular individualists themselves will undergo a change of heart. One way this might occur is through the growth of new, non-orthodox religious ideologies that remained compatible with secular individualism but take it in new directions. Unfortunately, the new religious strains that have emerged in recent decades, so-called New Age religions, have been profoundly individualistic. None has shown any interest in preserving marriage and family solidarity. Indeed, they seem part and parcel of the secular individualist movement, albeit with a more ââ¬Å"spiritualâ⬠bent. The same seems to hold true for todayââ¬â¢s rapidly growing ââ¬Å"greenâ⬠movement, which itself shows signs of becoming a new quasi-religion in which the environment has replaced God as a focus of almost divine adoration. So far there is little evidence that ââ¬Å"pro-greenâ⬠translates into ââ¬Å"pro-marriageâ⬠or ââ¬Å"pro-family,â⬠although it is conceivable that somehow the conservation of nature could become translated into the conservation of the family. Any widely accepted ââ¬Å"new moralityâ⬠that might change family behavior would probably have to be compatible with secular individualismââ¬â¢s motivating forceââ¬ârational self-interest. The self-interest of todayââ¬â¢s young people still includes the desire to have strong intimate relationships and to want to do best by their children. And there is every reason to believe that these interests will continue into the future because they are, in fact, an intrinsic part of being human. The task that lies ahead, then, is to help young people to see the importance of marriage and strong families as the best way to achieve these interests; to help them realize that a better and more meaningful way of life, both for themselves and for their children, involves a commitment to long-term marriage. What Can be Done? As a first step, the institution of marriage needs to be promoted by all levels of society, particularly the families, the schools, the churches, the non-profit sector, and the government. The great majority of American high school seniors still want to get married, with 82 percent of girls and 70 percent of boys recently saying that ââ¬Å"having a good marriage and family lifeâ⬠is ââ¬Å"extremely importantâ⬠to them. These percentages, in fact, represent a slight increase from the late 1970s. 15) But as high schoolers reach young adulthood, when the attraction of cohabitation and careers gains strong currency, making the actual commitment to marriage is not easy. Young people need, therefore, to be made continually aware of the many benefits married life brings, both for themselves and for their children. The empirical evidence is now strong and persuasive that a good marriage enhances personal happiness, economic success, health and longevity. This ev idence should become a regular part of our educational programs and our public discourse. Yet successful marriage promotion requires more than empirical evidence. Marriage has fallen by the wayside, in part, because it receives less and less social recognition and approval. Any norm of behavior requires for its maintenance the continuing support of the community, including active social pressures to uphold it. When social approval and pressures wither, the norm weakens. Todayââ¬â¢s young people have been taught through the schools and in their communities a strong message of tolerance for ââ¬Å"alternative lifestyles. â⬠ââ¬Å"Thou shalt not make moral judgments about other peopleââ¬â¢s family behaviorâ⬠seems to have become a dominant message in our times. The reason for this is completely understandable; children and young people come from ever more diverse family situations which are not of their own doing, and they should be fully accepted and not be penalized. The problem is that this moral message is carried on into adult life, where it is applied not to children and young people but to adults who do have choices about how they shape their lives. In an effort not to judge much less stigmatize any adult life style, we have all too often become virtually silent about the value and importance of marriage. This silence is extremely damaging to the promotion of a pro-marriage culture. The widespread promotion of marriage is directed at only half of the problem, however. Getting people to marry is one thing, helping them to stay married is something else entirely. Helping people to stay married is the main focus of an important set of programs known as marriage education. Typically conducted in group settings rather than counseling situations, marriage education programs focus on developing the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for making a wise marital choice and having a successful marriage. Although marriage education has been around for many decades, it recently has been thrust into the limelight thanks to widespread publicity and government financial assistance. The importance of marriage education is magnified by the fact that the marital relationship today is so different from what it was in the past. Marriage is now based almost entirely on close friendship and romantic love, mostly stripped of the economic dependencies, legal and religious restrictions, and extended family pressures that have held marriages together for most of human history. Until fairly recent times marriages had little to do with romantic love, sexual passion, or even close friendship; they were functional partnerships in the intense struggle of life. Today, a successful marriage rests almost entirely on how well one gets along, intimately and for the long term, with someone of the opposite sex. The ââ¬Å"relationship knowledgeâ⬠this requires has never been part of formal education, but there is no reason to believe that it can not effectively be taught to married couples and those about to be married, as well as to younger people as part of the high school curriculum. Indeed, the initial empirical evaluations of marriage education programs conclude that they are both well-received and have generally positive outcomes. Marriage promotion and marriage education are essential steps, but in order fully to rebuild the institution of marriage there would probably have to be a cultural shift of a more fundamental nature. Modern cultures would need to pull back from the now dominant thrust of secular individualismââ¬âthe excessive pursuit of personal autonomy, immediate gratification, and short-term personal gainââ¬âand give greater emphasis to issues of community and social solidarity. This could come about through a growing realization, based on rational self-interest, that our personal happiness and sense of well-being over the long course of life are less affected by the amount of independence, choice, bodily pleasure and wealth we are able to obtain than by the number of stable, long-term and meaningful relationships we have with others. (16) And through a greater recognition of the fact that short-term adult interests can be in conflict with the long-term health and wellbeing of children, and that our childrenââ¬â¢s welfare has everything to do with the future of our nation. Conclusion America is still the most marrying of Western nations, but nevertheless we are caught up in the prevailing trends of modernity that lead toward an ever-weakening institution of marriage. Marriage rates have been dropping and cohabitation and out-of-wedlock birth rates have been rising, thanks in large part to the growing influence of secular individualism in all modern cultures. The negative effects of this are felt most profoundly by our children, who are growing up in family situations that are less and less optimum from a child-development perspective. As we move in the direction of the weaker family structures of Europe it is important to remember that we lack many of the welfare ââ¬Å"safety-netsâ⬠found there, and therefore the negative effects of marital decline on children are likely to be heightened in this country. We are not a unified nation in family terms. We have a marriage gap, whereby the college-educated have a stronger marriage culture than the less well-educated. And we have a Red state/Blue state divide, whereby the nation is geographically split up into areas of family traditionalism and non-traditionalism. Yet these divisions remain peripheral to the overall waning of marriage in America. The rebuilding of a stronger marriage culture is possible. In addition to the heavy promotion of marriage built around the self-interest of todayââ¬â¢s young people, it will probably require a cultural shift of some magnitude, one in which stable, predictable, and long-term relationships with others come to be viewed as the best foundation for adult personalities, childrearing, and family life. Footnotes 1. Steven P. Martin, ââ¬Å"Trends in Marital Dissolution by Womenââ¬â¢s Education in the United States,â⬠Demographic Research 15-20 (December 2006), 537-560. 2. Jane Lawler Dye, ââ¬Å"Fertility of American Women: June 2004. â⬠Current Population Report, P20-555, Washington, DC: US Census Bureau (2005),Table 7. 3. Reported in Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers, ââ¬Å"Marriage and Divorce: Changes and their Driving Forces,â⬠unpublished manuscript, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (2007). 4. Unless otherwise indicated, all calculations are by the National Marriage Project from published international data sources. . Lisa Mincieli and Kristin Moore, ââ¬Å"The Relationship Context of Births Outside of Marriage: The Rise of Cohabitation,â⬠Child Trends Research Brief 2007-13 (May 2007). 6. Patrick Heuveline, J. M. Timberlake, and F. F. Furstenberg, Jr. , ââ¬Å"Shifting Childrearing to Single Mothers: Results from 17 Western Countries,â⬠Population and Devel opment Review 29-1 (March 2003), 47-71. 7. Culture and Media Institute, Alexandria, Virginia (2007). 8. Ron J. Lesthaeghe and Lisa Neidert, ââ¬Å"The Second Demographic Transition in the U. S. : Exception or Textbook Example,â⬠Population and Development Review December 2006), 32-4. 9. Executive Summary, op. cit. 10. Tom Smith, ââ¬Å"Generation Gaps in Attitudes and Values from the 1970s to the 1990s,â⬠in R. A. Settersten, Jr. , F. F. Furstenberg, Jr. , and R. C. Rumbaut (eds. ), On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research, and Public Policy (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2004). 11. The Pew Research Center, ââ¬Å"A Portrait of Generation Next,â⬠Washington, DC, 2007. 12. Alasdair Crockett and David Voas, ââ¬Å"Generations of Decline: Religious Change in the 20th Century,â⬠Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (December 2006), 45-4. 3. David Coleman, ââ¬Å"Immigration and Ethnic Change in Low-Fertility Countries: A Third Demographic Transition, â⬠Population and Development Review 32-3 (September 2006), 401-446. 14. Philip Martin and Elizabeth Midgely, ââ¬Å"Immigration: Shaping and Reshaping America,â⬠Population Bulletin 58-2 (June 2003), p. 22. 15. Data from Monitoring the Future surveys, reported in this second half of this report. 16. For an important statement about this, see John Ashcroft and Phil Caroe, ââ¬Å"Thriving Lives: Which Way for Well-Being? â⬠Relationships Foundation, Cambridge, England (2007). SOCIAL INDICATORS OF MARITAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING TRENDS OF THE PAST FOUR DECADES Marriage Divorce Unmarried Cohabitation Loss of Child Centeredness Fragile Families with Children Teen Attitudes About Marriage and Family THE RED/BLUE AMERICAN FAMILY DIVIDE The Red State/Blue State divide has become a familiar theme in national politics. In a series of recent presidential elections, the so-called Red states have tended to vote Republican and the Blue states have voted Democratic. The Red states consist of the South (e. g. Alabama), the lower Midwest (e. g. Oklahoma), and the Mountain Region of the West (e. g. Montana). The Blue states are those of the Northeast (e. g. Massachusetts), the upper Midwest (e. g. Minnesota), and the West Coast (e. g. California). Less well known is the fact that the Red and Blue states also differ significantly in family terms, and this may help to explain their politics. The Red states typically have a more traditional family structure than the Blue States; people in the Red states marry younger and in larger numbers, cohabit outside of marriage less, and have more children. This is in large part because Red Staters are likely to be more religiously observant and to belong to denominations that profess allegiance to more conservative social values. However, the Red states also have higher divorce and out-of-wedlock birth rates than the Blue states, and these rates can hardly be considered indicators of traditionalism, much less religiosity. A closer look at the actual demographic differences among the states can help us to better understand the nature and causes of the Red/Blue American family divide. Red states have significantly higher marriage rates. The national marriage rate was 41 marriages per 1000 single women in 2005. Some of the highest marriage rates are found in the South, with Arkansas (77) and Alabama (54) leading the pack, and in the Mountain states of Idaho (66), Wyoming (60) and Utah (58). The lowest marriage rates, in contrast, are found in the Northeast with Pennsylvania (24), New Jersey (27), Delaware (28) and Connecticut (28) at the bottom. a) Higher marriage rates are associated with less non-marital cohabitation, and this also clusters geographically along Red/Blue lines. The national rate of unmarried partner households (as percent of all couple households) was 10% in 2005. States in the South and Midwest have the lowest percentages: Alabama (6%), Mississippi (8%), Kansas (8%), and Arkansas (8%). At the opposite pole are the states in the Northeast and Northwest: Vermont (14%), Maine (13%), Oregon (12%) and Washington (12%). (b) Statewide fertility rates fo llow a similar Red/Blue geographic distribution. The national fertility rate was 67 births per 1000 women ages 15-44 in 2005, but it was in the 70s in a number of Red states, Idaho (77), Kansas (70), and Georgia (70), and only in the 50s for Vermont (51), Maine (54) and Massachusetts (56). In addition to family traditionalism, the fertility rate in a number of southwestern States is greatly affected by the higher-fertility Hispanic population. (c) Put all together, these demographic characteristics add up to more married couples with children in the Red states and fewer in the Blue states, and this is ne of the biggest reasons for the Red/Blue political divide. Married people with children have tended disproportionately in recent presidential elections to favor the Republican Party. Indeed, for recent elections the correlation between married-with-children and voting Republican is one of the highest ever found between demographic factors and voting behavior. (d) Yet the Red states also, interestingly, have the highest out-of-wedloc k birth percentages and divorce rates. While 37% of all births in the U. S. ere out-of-wedlock in 2005, the unwed birth percentages for the Red states of Mississippi (49%) and Louisiana (48%) are far ahead of the Blue states of New Hampshire (27%) and Minnesota (30%) A closer examination, however, shows that this Red/Blue geographic pattern of unwed births is heavily dictated by the racial and ethnic make up of each state, as well as by educational and income levels. States such as Mississippi and Louisiana are at the top partly due to the extremely high unwed birth percentages for Blacks (77%) and Hispanics (50%). The state with the highest overall unwed birth percentage is New Mexico (51%), owing mainly to the contribution of its large Hispanic population. If one removes Blacks and Hispanics from the equation and looks just at unwed births among Whites, a geographic pattern more influenced by family traditionalism emerges. For the White population only, the unwed birth percentage in Mississippi (26%) is lower than for the White population in New Hampshire (27%). Unwed birth percentages below the national average of 25% for Whites are also found in the Red states of Alabama (21%), North Carolina (23%), and Georgia (23%). In contrast, above average unwed birth percentages for Whites are found the in secular and cohabitation-high Blue states of Vermont (32%) and Maine (35%) and Oregon (29%). (e) The picture is further complicated, however, by the fact that marriage, cohabitation, and unwed birth rates are so strongly affected by income and educational levels. In general, people with lower incomes and less education tend to marry less, cohabit more, and have more births out-of-wedlock. While professed traditional family values may help to generate fewer unwed births, they do not seem to provide much protection against divorce. The highest divorce rates are found in the more religiously-based Red states such as Arkansas (25), Oklahoma (25), and West Virginia (23), in striking contrast to more secular Blue states such as Pennsylvania (11), and Massachusetts (11). The national divorce rate was 16 divorces per 1000 married women in 2005. (f) Level of educational achievement is the single factor that probably best explains the geographic distribution of divorce. The lower the educational (and associated income) level, the higher the divorce rate, and educational levels are substantially lower in the Red states than in the Blue states. The Blue states of the West Coast stand as an exception to this education-based pattern, however, with the divorce rates for highly-educated Oregon and Washington being above the national average (probably California, too, but unfortunately divorce rates for that state are not available). In addition to education, therefore, another important causal factor in divorce may be the level of geographic mobility in a state, making the more recently settled and more transient populations of the West Coast and Mountain states more vulnerable to divorce. Mobility levels may also help to account for another geographic exception: the long-settled Red states of the Central Plains (e. g. Iowa and North Dakota) have very low divorce rates, comparable to those of the East Coast states. Footnotes: a. Calculations by the National Marriage Project obtained using data from the Current Population Surveys, March 2005 Supplement, as well as Births, Marriages, Divorces, and Deaths: Provisional Data for 2005, National Vital Statistics Report 54:20, July 21, 2006, Table 3. The exceptionally high marriages rates in Nevada and Hawaii are not considered here because so many out-of-staters go to these states to get married. b. Calculations by the National Marriage Project using data downloaded from the American Community Survey, 2005. c. Fertility rates from ââ¬Å"Births: Preliminary Data for 2005,â⬠National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 55, No. 11, December 28, 2006. d. Ron J. Lesthaeghe and Lisa Neidert, ââ¬Å"The Second Demographic Transition in the US: Exception or Textbook Example? ,â⬠Population and Development Review 32:4 (December, 2006). e. Unmarried mother birth data from ââ¬Å"Births: Preliminary Data for 2005,â⬠National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 55, No. 11, December 28, 2006. f. Calculations by the National Marriage Project obtained using data from the Current Population Surveys, March 2005 Supplement less population in CA, GA, HI, IN, LA and MN to match unreported divorces in these states. Divorce counts from Births, Marriages, Divorces, and Deaths: Provisional Data for 2005, National Vital Statistics Report 54:20, July 21, 2006, Table 3. The highest divorce rate, of course, is found in Nevada (38. ), and not considered here because of the out-of-stater problem. MARRIAGE Key Finding: Marriage trends in recent decades indicate that Americans have become less likely to marry, and the most recent data show that the marriage rate in the United States continues to decline. Of those who do marry, there has been a moderate drop since the 1970s in the percentage of couples who consider their marriages to be â⠬Å"very happy,â⬠but in the past decade this trend has swung in a positive direction. Americans have become less likely to marry. This is reflected in a decline of nearly 50 percent, from 1970 to 2005, in the annual number of marriages per 1000 unmarried adult women (Figure 1). Much of this declineââ¬âit is not clear just how muchââ¬âresults from the delaying of first marriages until older ages: the median age at first marriage went from 20 for females and 23 for males in 1960 to about 26 and 27, respectively, in 2005. Other factors accounting for the decline are the growth of unmarried cohabitation and a small decrease in the tendency of divorced persons to remarry. The decline also reflects some increase in lifelong singlehood, though the actual amount can not be known until current young and middle-aged adults pass through the life course. The percentage of adults in the population who are currently married has also diminished. Since 1960, the decline of those married among all persons age 15 and older has been 13 percentage pointsââ¬âand 25 points among black females (Figure 2). It should be noted that these data include both people who have never married and those who have married and then divorced. In order partially to control for a decline in married adults simply due to delayed first marriages, we have looked at changes in the percentage of persons age 35 through 44 who were married (Figure 3). Since 1960, there has been a drop of 20 percentage points for married men and 18 points for married women. (But the decline has not affected all segments of the population. See the accompanying box: The Marriage Gap. ) Marriage trends in the age range of 35 to 44 are suggestive of lifelong singlehood. In times past and still today, virtually all persons who were going to marry during their lifetimes had married by age 45. More than 90 percent of women have married eventually in every generation for which records exist, going back to the mid-1800s. By 1960, 94 percent of women then alive had been married at least once by age 45ââ¬âprobably an historical high point. (1) For the generation of 1995, assuming a continuation of then current marriage rates, several demographers projected that 88 percent of women and 82 percent of men would ever marry. 2) If and when these figures are recalculated for the early years of the 21st century, the percentage of women and men ever marrying will almost certainly be lower. It is important to note that the decline in marriage does not mean that people are giving up on living together with a sexual partner. On the contrary, with the incidence of unmarried cohabitation increasing rapidly, marriage is giving ground to unwed unions. Most people now live together before they marry for the first time. An even higher percentage of those divorced who subsequently remarry live together first. And a growing number of persons, both young and old, are living together with no plans for eventual marriage. There is a common belief that, although a smaller percentage of Americans are now marrying than was the case a few decades ago, those who marry have marriages of higher quality. It seems reasonable that if divorce removes poor marriages from the pool of married couples and cohabitation ââ¬Å"trial marriagesâ⬠deter some bad marriages from forming, the remaining marriages on average should be happier. The best available evidence on the topic, however, does not support these assumptions. Since 1973, the General Social Survey periodically has asked representative samples of married Americans to rate their marriages as either ââ¬Å"very happy,â⬠ââ¬Å"pretty happy,â⬠or ââ¬Å"not too happy. ââ¬Å"(3) As Figure 4 indicates, the percentage of both men and women saying ââ¬Å"very happyâ⬠has declined moderately over the past 25 years. (4) This trend, however, is now heading in a positive direction. 1 Andrew J. Cherlin, Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992): 10; Michael R. Haines, ââ¬Å"Long-Term Marriage Patterns in the United States from Colonial Times to the Present,â⬠The History of the Family 1-1 (1996): 15-39. 2 Robert Schoen and Nicola Standish, ââ¬Å"The Retrenchment of Marriage: Results from Marital Status Life Tables for the United States, 1995. â⬠Population and Development Review 27-3 (2001): 553-563. 3 Conducted by the National Opinion Research Center of the University of Chicago, this is a nationally representative study of the English-speaking, non-institutionalized population of the United States age 18 and over. Using a different data set that compared marriages in 1980 with marriages in 1992, equated in terms of marital duration, Stacy J. Rogers and Paul Amato found similarly that the 1992 marriages had less marital interaction, more marital conflict, and more marital problems. ââ¬Å"Is Marital Quality Declining? The Evidence from Two Generations,â⬠Social Forces 75 (1997): 1089. THE MARRIAGE GAP There is good news a nd bad news on the marriage front. For the college-educated segment of our population, the institution of marriage appears to have gained strength in recent years. For everyone else, however, marriage continues to weaken. Thus there is a growing ââ¬Å"marriage gapâ⬠in America, between those who are well educated and those who are not. Recent data indicates that, for the college educated, the institution of marriage may actually have strengthened. It once was the case that college-educated women married at a lower rate than their less educated peers. Indeed, marriage rates for college-educated women were lower well into the late 20th Century. Since around 1980, however, this situation has reversed. College-educated women are now marrying at a higher rate than their peers. Not only that, but the divorce rate among these women is relatively low and has been dropping. This may be due partly to the fact that college-educated women, once the leaders of the divorce revolution, now hold a more restrictive view of divorce than less well educated women. b The out-of-wedlock childbearing of college-educated women has always been well below that of other segments of the population. Now, among those who delay marriage past age 30, this is the only group becoming more likely to have children after marriage rather than before. c There is more good news. The marriages of the college educated have become more egalitarian than ever, both in the sense that husbands and wives are matched more equally in their educational and economic backgrounds, and that they hold more egalitarian attitudes about marital gender roles. d As icing on the cake, all of this may add up to greater marital happiness. The percentage of spouses among this group who rate their marriage as ââ¬Å"very happyâ⬠has held fairly steady over recent decades, whereas for other parts of the population the percentage has dropped significantly. In large numbers, therefore, the college educated part of America is living the American dreamââ¬âwith happy, stable, two-parent families. There is one problem, however, and it is a serious one for the future of the nation. College-educated women arenââ¬â¢t having enough children to replace themselves. In 2004, for example, twenty four percent of women 40 to 44 years old with a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree were childless, com pared to only fifteen percent of those without a high school degree. f For the non college-educated population, unfortunately, the marriage situation remains gloomy. Marriage rates are continuing to decline, and the percentage of out-of-wedlock births is rising. In the year 2000, fully forty percent of high-school drop-out mothers were living without husbands, compared with just twelve percent of college-grad mothers. g Because of the many statistically well-documented benefits of marriage in such areas as income, health, and longevity, this gap is generating a society of greater inequality. America is becoming a nation divided not only by educational and income levels, but by unequal family structures. a Joshua R. Goldstein and Catherine T. Kenney, ââ¬Å"Marriage Delayed or Marriage Foregone? New Cohort Forecasts of First Marriages for U. S. Women,â⬠American Sociological Review 66-4 (2001): 506-519. b Steven P. Martin and Sangeeta Parashar, ââ¬Å"Womenââ¬â¢s Changing Attitudes Toward Divorce: 1974-2002: Evidence for an Educational Crossover,â⬠Journal of Marriage and Family 68-1 (2006): 29-40. c Steven P. Martin, ââ¬Å"Reassessing Delayed and Forgone Marriage in the United States,â⬠unpublished manuscript (2004), Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Robert Schoen and Yen-Hsin Alice Cheng, ââ¬Å"Partner Choice and the Differential Retreat from Marriage,â⬠Journal of Marriage Family 68-1 (2006): 1-10; Arland Thornton and Linda Young-DeMarco, ââ¬Å"Four Decades of Trends in Attitudes Toward Family Issues in the United States: the 1960s Through the 1990s,â⬠Journal of Marriage and Family 63-4 (2001): 1009-1037. e Calculation by the Na tional Marriage Project of data from The General Social Survey, conducted by the National Opinion Research Center of the University of Chicago. f Jane Lawler Dye, Fertility of American Women: June 2004, Current Population Report, P20-555, Washington, DC: U. S. Census Bureau (2005): Table 7. g David T. Ellwood and Christopher Jencks, ââ¬Å"The Uneven Spread of Single-Parent Families,â⬠in Kathryn M. Neckerman (ed. ) Social Inequality (New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004), 3-77. |à | |Figure 1. Number of Marriages per 1,000 Unmarried Women Age 15 and Older, by Year, United States (a) | | |Year |Number | | | |1960 |73. |(b) | | |1970 |76. 5 | | | |1975 |66. 9 | | | |1980 |61. 4 | | | |1985 |56. | | | |1990 |54. 5 | | | |1995 |50. 8 | | | |2000 |46. 5 | | | |2005 |40. | | |a We have used the number of marriages per 1,000 unmarried women age 15 and older, rather than the Crude Marriage Rate of | |marriages per 1,000 population to help avoid the problem of compositional changes in the population, that is, changes which stem| |merely from there being more or less people in the marriageable ages. Even this more refined measure is somewhat susceptible to | |compositional changes. |b Per 1,000 unmarried women age 14 and older. | |S ource: U. S. Department of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001, Page 87, Table 117; and Statistical | |Abstract of the United States, 1986, Page 79, Table 124. Figure for 2004 was obtained using data from the Current Population | |Surveys, March 2004 Supplement, as well as Births, Marriages, Divorces, and Deaths: Provisional Data for 2005, National Vital | |Statistics Report 54:20, July 21, 2006, Table 3. http://www. cdc. gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr54/nvsr54_20. pdf) The CPS, March | |Supplement, is based on a sample of the U. S. population, rather than an actual count such as those available from the decennial | |census. See sampling and weighting notes at http://www. bls. census. gov:80/cps/ads/2002/ssampwgt. htm | |Figure 2. Percentage of All Persons Age 15 and Older Who Were Married, by Sex and Race, 1960-2005 United Statesa | | |Total Males |Black Males |White Males |Total Females |Black Females |White Females | | | | | | | | | |1960 |69. 3 |60. 9 |70. 2 |65. 9 |59. 8 |66. 6 | |1970 |66. 7 |56. 9 |68. |61. 9 |54. 1 |62. 8 | |1980 |63. 2 |48. 8 |65. 0 |58. 9 |44. 6 |60. 7 | |1990 |60. 7 |45. 1 |62. 8 |56. 9 |40. 2 |59. 1 | |2000 |57. 9 |42. 8 |60. 0 |54. 7 |36. 2 |57. 4 | |2006 |56. 3 |40. 9 |58. 5 |53. |34. 3 |56. 3 | |a Includes races other than Black and White. | |b In 2003, the U. S. Census Bureau expanded its racial categories to permit respondents to identify themselves as belonging to more than | |one race. This means that racial data computations beginning in 2004 may not be strictly comparable to those of prior years. | |Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P20-506; Americaââ¬â¢s Families and Living Arrangements: March 2000 and| |earlier reports; and data ca lculated from the Current Population Surveys, March 2006 Supplement. | |Figure 3. Percentage of Persons Age 35 through 44 Who Were Married by Sex, 1960-2005, United States | | | | | | | |Year |Males |Females | | |1960 |88. 0 |87. | | |1970 |89. 3 |86. 9 | | |1980 |84. 2 |81. 4 | | |1990 |74. 1 |73. 0 | | |2000 |69. 0 |71. | | |2006 |67. 9 |69. 5 | |Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1961, Page 34, Table 27; Statistical Abstract of | |the United States, 1971, Page 32, Table 38; Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1981, Page 38, Table 49; and U. S. Bureau | |of the Census, General Population Characteristics, 1990, Page 45, Table 34; and Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001,| |Page 48, Table 51; internet tables (http://www. ensus. gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2005/tabA1-all. pdf) and data calculated | |from the Current Population Surveys, March 2006 Supplement. Figure for 2006 was obtained using data from the Current Population | |Surveys rather than data from the census. The C PS, March Supplement, is based on a sample of the U. S. population, rather than an| |actual count such as those available from the decennial census. See sampling and weighting notes at | |http://www. bls. ensus. gov:80/cps/ads/2002/ssampwgt. htm | |Figure 4. Percentage of Married Persons Age 18 and Older Who Said Their Marriages Were ââ¬Å"Very Happy,â⬠by Period, United States | | | | | |Period |Men |Women | |1973-1976 |69. |68. 6 | |1977-1981 |68. 3 |64. 2 | |1982-1986 |62. 9 |61. 7 | |1987-1991 |66. 4 |59. | |1993-1996 |63. 2 |59. 7 | |1998-2004 |64. 4 |60. 4 | |Source: The General Social Survey, conducted by the National Opinion Research Center of the University of Chicago. The trend for| |both men and women is statistically significant (p How to cite The Future of Marriage in America, Papers flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-4290797940330632152020-05-06T04:54:00.001-07:002020-05-06T04:54:24.578-07:00Project Management Planning - Scheduling and Controlling Question: Discuss about the Project Management for Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. Answer: Introduction: In order to align the project under consideration with the portfolio of the program, the traditional project management approach would be utilized. The project management office or the PMO would be responsible for the following activities: Management of all the resources that are associated with the projects included in the portfolio. The identification of the methodology to be utilized in managing the projects, along with the project management standards and best practices to be included in the same. Developing the procedures and policies to be utilized across all the projects included in the portfolio, along with the identification of the uniform project management templates that would be utilized across all the project included in the portfolio. The communication between the projects included in the portfolio would be governed by the PMO. On the other hand, the project manger would be responsible for the following activities: The management of the resources allocated to each project. The adherence to the project management methodologies, standards and policies determined by the PMO. The adherence to the control and management procedures and policies stated by the PMO. The strong adherence to the rules and regulationsdetermine by the PMO, across each of the projects included in the portfolio, and would ensure the alignment between the project and the organizational strategies. Authorisation Points The authorisation points for this project are being outlined below: Issue management: The issues experienced by the members of the project team would be managed by the manager assigned to each project through the following process: Issue identification: The issues experienced by the team members, both critical and non-critical to the success of the project, would be documented in an issue log. Issue prioritization: The included in the log would be prioritized based on their likelihood of recurrence and the impact of the same on the project. Strategy Development: The strategies for dealing with the issues would be developed based on the priorities of the same. Decision making: All decision-making activities associated with each individual project would be conducted through the following steps: Identification: In this stage, the project manager would identify the domains in which decisions are to be made, along with the alternatives to be decided on. Analysis: The information collected in the first phase of the process would be analysed through discussions with the members of the project team. The responsibility of the manage would also include ensuring the fact that the scope implications, available data, risks. regulatory provisions and costs associated with the decision have been taken into consideration. Render Decision: The final decision would be taken only after all possible outcomes of the available alternatives have been analysed, and the alternative having the highest possibility of bringing about positivechanges in the project has been chosen. The decision thus taken would be communicated to all concerned individuals and groups before being implemented. Bibliography Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.202-217. Too, E.G. and Weaver, P., 2014. The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1382-1394. Turner, R., 2016.Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-8821131037988787822020-05-03T04:11:00.001-07:002020-05-03T04:11:03.271-07:00Music In Education Essay Example For Students Music In Education Essay Music in education is essential to our children because it increases their listening skills andis a common method of communication for cultures worldwide. Music is Education Thereare schools attempting to eliminate teaching musical arts to our children. The board ofeducation claims they must provide education by concentrating on the basic academiccourses, but what they dont realize is that music is a major part of basic education. Wemust not allow them to pull the teaching of music out of our school curriculums becausemusic is an essential form of communication. Our children do not have to be fluent in thearts to receive the value of broad exposure to the different musical dialogues. Deprivationof a very valuable part of education occurs if we do not teach them to appreciate a widevariety of music. Metaphorically speaking, we often associate the terms language andgrammar with the term music. This association leads us to believe that music is a form oflanguage, possibly because no sym bol system other than language has the same potentialas music of infinite productivity and precision. It takes a multitude of directions andphonetic-type symbolism to produce a pleasant sounding musical composition. This relatesvery closely to the requirements of everyday language. The primary objective of anyspoken language is to convey a persons thoughts in a comprehensible fashion, but wemust remember that everyone thinks and comprehends everything differently. Musicallanguage contains vast quantities of words to help people understand how originalcomposers intended to play a specific piece. Musical language also has directions thatallow and encourage some scope of original interpretation and minor departures from thewritten score, resulting in no two performances sounding exactly alike. The Englishlanguage, as we know it, carries a very strong parallel to these same interpretable words. Dialect and slang are just two of the many connotative forms to speak different languages. All languages contain these variations and reinforce the need for striving towardunderstanding a basically generic language. It would be very difficult to speak to anon-English speaking person and clearly convey a message unless both persons werefamiliar with basic terminology. It would be just as unlikely to communicate a musicalmessage to someone not educated or interested in musical interpretation. The term musicin itself has many different connotations. One in the United States may not have the sameperceptions as one whose origin is France or Australia, or elsewhere in the world. In mytravels through Europe and South America I had a hard time finding any truly original,locally produced music. The majority of the music I searched through were also popular inthe United States. It was very easy to find foreigners singing an American song using theirinterpretation of our language. The entire world seems to be able to communicate withmusic and seems to understand it enough to share th eir own musical interpretation. Musicis a language of its own and depending on how we speak it, it too can accomplish amultitude of results. People are no more able to understand a foreign language withouteducation than they are to understand the unspoken language of music without propermusical education. A single score of music interpreted with a few of many availablemusical directions can tell as many stories as there are variations. For example, playingCristoforis Dream by David Lanz entirely lento-pianisimo (slow and very soft), creates avery peaceful and tranquil mood. Played again allegro-forte (lively, brisk, and loud), emitsan uplifting feeling. Yet, by using both interpretations progressively and regressivelywithin this identical musical score, one could feel depleted and elated in the sametimeframe. This is perhaps the most ascribable reason to pursue a knowledge of musicalsemantics. Within music one expresses many emotions, speaks many languages, conveyscomplex messages, and ! tells many stories. Music can be a selfish form of conversationand it is not always necessary to have a recipient to convey a message. One has only tolisten while playing music to communicate with themselves, yet most would suspect thestability of a person who attempted this scenario by simply talking and responding whilealone. Music merges the physical aspects of harmony with a sublime and metaphysicaleffect creating an inner peace. Seldom will words alone be capable of accomplishing whatjust one musical composition can communicate when we teach our children to appreciatemusic. With all available forms of communication, one should never forget that listeningcarefully to musicas we should listen to others speakcan clarify the true meanings of alllanguages. We should all strive to include intuition and intellect into language of any form. .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 , .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 .postImageUrl , .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 , .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563:hover , .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563:visited , .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563:active { border:0!important; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563:active , .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563 .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf16787531bd0c3bf784b422bbbed0563:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Most Dangerous Game (Exposition 10 Paragra EssayIntellect enlarges our range of instincts through newly absorbed information and enablesus to reflect and analyze all forms of language. If communication is the purpose forlanguage, we must then realize that speech is not the only form of communication, for lifewithout smiles, hugs, sign language, and even music would be very unfulfilling. We mustcontinue to educate our children in the musical arts and teach them yet another form ofcommunication. Music Essays flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-58760999618119704862020-04-12T02:43:00.001-07:002020-04-12T02:43:04.661-07:00College Application Essay Samples - Why They Are CommonCollege Application Essay Samples - Why They Are CommonIf you are still reeling from the confusion of writing a college application essay, you may want to consider going online and picking up some essay sample to get you started. Writing a college application essay can be difficult enough without having to fumble with mistakes when the topic you are writing about is vague and unexplainable. Because it is a very large subject area, the Internet is probably the best place to start.There are plenty of resources out there for you to use in creating your college application essay, but what should you look for? Is it possible to go beyond just reading a few sample essays that could probably already be found online? It certainly can be!Your college application essay can be a great tool in bringing attention to yourself, your skills, or your achievements. In most cases, your essay will help put you in the best light possible. That is why it is a good idea to look at a variety of essay sample s, so that you can select one that will help you make the best possible choices for your application essay.There are many different essay samples available, so you will want to read as many as you can. The common theme that runs through all of them is the writer has tried to avoid wordy, boring, or long sentences, so that the essay will be easy to read and understand.One of the biggest differences between the college application essay samples and traditional essays is that they tend to not be as long. In fact, you may find many paragraphs that only have a few words in them. You can often get away with shorter sentences, too, because it won't be as noticeable if you write in a certain way.Some essay samples that you will find online will even give you the option to add photos or artwork to the essay. The essay samples aren't perfect, but they will make it easier for you to choose a good college application essay sample. Just keep in mind that there are no golden rules when it comes t o essay writing.The key is to focus on the common goal you are trying to accomplish and to write the essay as naturally as possible. Not only is that easier to do, but it will make your application essay a lot more interesting to read. flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-23317096372406010532020-03-25T07:58:00.001-07:002020-03-25T07:58:02.872-07:00The Danger of Ignorance free essay sample The Danger of Ignorance ââ¬Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. â⬠(Mandela) Mandela says that education is a best weapon but I also believe that it is the best defense. In George Orwellââ¬â¢s novella ââ¬Å"Animal Farmâ⬠, a pig named Napoleon takes over and does as he pleases. There are so many animals that they could easily overthrow him if they were educated and united. Orwell warns his readers of the danger of ignorance and blindly following someone by using allegory in the form of a fable to cleverly hide a dark story of corruption and lies during the Russian Revolution. In the book, Napoleon represents Joseph Stalin. Stalin brutally takes control of Russia after the death of Nicolai Lenin, who led the Bolshevik Revolution to oust the corrupt regime of Czar Nicholas III. The farm animals take the farm from Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones represents Czar Nicholas III: greedy, selfish, and cruel. Czar Nicholas was overthrown by the Bolsheviks after many years of hard life, laborious work, and low wages. Mr. Jones was overthrown by his own animals after years of starvation, cruelty, toiling in the fields, and having their labors stolen from them. Jones, a drunkard, comes home late one night and the animals had not been fed all day. When the animals could stand their hunger no longer, they broke into the feed store where Jones and his men beat them for eating. This was the tipping point for the animals. The animals could no longer stand Jonesââ¬â¢ mistreatment, so they rebelled. They drove the humans out of the farm. The animals were finally free. Another pig named Snowball, who was very intelligent, now wrote the seven concepts of animalism on the barn wall. Napoleon first began to lie and deceive the animals by taking the milk and apples. He got Squealer, a pig quite good at convincing others, to convince the animals that the pigs need the milk and apples to better run the farm, saying that they are ââ¬Å"brain workers. â⬠If the animals would have been smarter then they would have realized that the pigs didnââ¬â¢t need the milk and apples, but they just wanted them for themselves. Squealer represents the propaganda of television, newspapers, movies, and radio broadcasts during the Communist reign of Stalin. The media controlled everything that the people heard. When the animals questioned Napoleon, Squealer would ask, ââ¬Å"You donââ¬â¢t want Jones to come back do you? â⬠Every Sunday the animals would have a meeting in the barn to discuss things and vote. There, Snowball and Napoleon would argue their points and let the animals vote on the issues. In all of these debates Snowball and Napoleon seemed to be on opposite ends of the spectrum. If one was for it the other was against it. The worst of all of these arguments was over the windmill. Snowball paints an image of animal farm run more efficiently and with less work. He says that once they finish it that they will have may modern luxuries. Snowball says that it will be hard work but that when they are done it will pay off. Napoleon strongly opposes the windmill and tries to deter any animals from voting for it. When it is almost time for the animals to vote, and almost all animals are planning to vote for Snowball, Napoleon lets out a high pitched squeal and summons up his nine personal bodyguards. They are nine huge vicious dogs and he commands them to case Snowball off the farm. Later Napoleon reveals that they will proceed with building the windmill and that they will no longer have Sunday meetings and that he will make all the decisions. That night when the animals get over their initial shock over what happened, they begin to question why Napoleon ran Snowball off the farm and why they are still building the windmill, Squealer comes to the rescue. He says that the windmill had been Napoleonââ¬â¢s idea from the very start and that Snowball had stolen it from him saying that it was his own. Squealer then goes as far to say that Snowball was a traitor and that he was conspiring with the humans against the other animals. He also says that napoleon does not want to make all the decisions, but that he takes the extra labor so that the animals do not have to worry. Throughout the novella the uneducated animals are tricked, manipulated and hoodwinked into believing whatever napoleon says. If they had been just a little smarter than they would have realized what was really going on. They would have seen the corruption the lies and the manipulation of there minds. They could have put a stop to it. Works cited Orwell , George . Animal Farm. New York : 1946. Print. flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-62069806881161985872020-03-06T12:15:00.001-08:002020-03-06T12:15:03.135-08:00U.S. History AP essaysU.S. History AP essays Though Britains policy of salutary neglect before 1750 influenced the development of Americas legislative assemblies, its commerce, and religion, those three aspects were affected differently. Salutary neglect created diverse commerce in America through the Triangular Trade, which contributed to the shipments of smuggled goods. Three individuals, Jacobus Arminians, John Edwards, and George Whitefield, supported the Great Awakening, which causes major changes in religion due to salutary neglect. The legislative assemblies that were mainly affected from salutary neglect were the new ideas of creating different parliaments with the increased amounts of political freedom, and the new ideas of self-governing, which was cherished above other rights by many Americans. Commerce in America was greatly altered from salutary neglect. The Triangular Trade originally was a trade strictly consisting of 3 parts; from North America, ships carrying rum were transported to Africa in return for slaves. With the slaves bundled up in tight quarters on ships, they would sail back to the colonies or to the French West Indies, where sugar and molasses could be traded for the slaves. The sugar and molasses would now go back to the colonies, to be manufactured into rum to be sent out to Africa again. Smugglers had a hard time of taking their goods that were not approved by an English official. But since salutary neglect was in effect, the Navigation Acts were not being enforced as heavily as it has been. Also, ignoring the mercantilism restrictions on the colonies would have not been a good idea if it had not been for salutary neglect. Outgoing ships had the ability to go to other countries and continents such as the French West Indies without getting caught and be heftily fined or have their goods taken away. Officials were becoming less-competent and more bribe-effective. They would do a less than sufficient job of keeping an eye... flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-57044252206817446952020-02-19T03:41:00.001-08:002020-02-19T03:41:02.640-08:00Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsPolitics - Essay Example International trade is a common policy of an open economy. This might come in goods and services trade or in shipping of capital to and from the country. International trade is one of the highly talked about macroeconomic policies of the governments in the world. Almost all the capitalist countries open their goods and services to trade especially with the creation of the international agencies such as World Trade Organization and the World Bank. Opening the country to the rest of the world also means having an ally in the form of aids in case of calamities or wars. Trade talks can be bilateral or multilateral. At the present, the vast of its international relation of Africa is through foreign aid. The continent has opened its door to foreign aids especially after its independence from Europe. ââ¬Å"Overseas development aid has played a much greater role in Africa than in any other part of the worldâ⬠(Mkandawire). This paper wishes to trace if the existence of a trade deficit (having higher imports than exports) influenced the conduct of macroeconomic policies in African countries such as Tanzania. If so, in what ways has the deficit influenced macroeconomic policies? ââ¬Å"In the broadest sense, macroeconomic policy is directly concerned with the aims of growth, distribution and sustainability that have been recognised as overriding national objectivesâ⬠(National Development Strategy). ââ¬Å"It is a tool for changing the economic positions of countries in the wordl economyâ⬠(Wuyts). International trade is one of the most important macroeconomic decision of a country as it affects its exchange rate, the interest rate and other aspects of the economy. TheAfrican economies was tagged as ââ¬Å"uncommonly openâ⬠because of a high ratio of trade relative to the Gross Domestic Product (Wuyts). In the year 2000, this number reached to more than 60% of the GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa. An important study then is to flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-49058421008072544982020-02-04T04:11:00.001-08:002020-02-04T04:11:03.818-08:00Pointing out the satirical elements of Douglas Adams The Hitchhiker's EssayPointing out the satirical elements of Douglas Adams The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy - Essay Example While the novel ostensibly takes place in the distant future, itââ¬â¢s clear that a number of the thematic concerns examined in the novel have contemporary relevance. In these regards, theorists and critics have argued that in large part the novel is satirical. This essay considers the novel as one of satire, arguing that through the bulldozer that threatens to demolish Arthur Dentââ¬â¢s house and later Earth, the crooked political Zaphod Beeblebrox, and the threat of the Vogon poetry reading, Douglas Adams satirizes social, political, and literary elements. One of the first satirical elements explored in the novel is the encroachment of development and technology on our daily lives. From the beginning of the novel reference is made to an impending bulldozer that is outside Arthur Dentââ¬â¢s home. The next scene in the novel finds Arthur Dent lying on the ground attempting to stop the bulldozer from demolishing his home. Itââ¬â¢s during this time that Ford Prefect appears . He is described as being from, ââ¬Å"somewhere in the vicinity of Betelgeuseâ⬠(Adams, pg. 5). Ford is able to convince the bulldozer operator to lay on the ground in place of Arthur Dent, so the two men can go to the pub. While this part of the novel is ostensibly absurd and comedic, it also can be argued to have satirical connotations. In these regards, the bulldozer can be read as the encroachment of development on the sanctity of daily life. Dent becomes emblematic of a perspective that is attempting to hold onto these old world values. From another perspective, the bulldozer can also be read as the encroachment of technology on our daily lives. While during the time of the novelââ¬â¢s construction the internet and social networking werenââ¬â¢t as pervasive, this essay argues that part of the textââ¬â¢s lasting power is its ability to continue to appeal to a contemporary audience. In these regards, the bulldozer encroaching on Arthurââ¬â¢s house can be read a s a metaphor of the technological aspects of the internet and social networking encroaching on our daily lives; the rest of the novel then can be read as a sort of resistance of this technological advancement. The next satirical element concerns the nature of Zaphod Beeblebrox. Beeblebrox is the President of the Imperial Galactic Government. His appearance comes out-of-sync in the storyline and seems to have an underlining purpose. Beeblebrox is giving a fantastical description in the story. He is described as an, ââ¬Å"adventurer, ex-hippy, good timer, manic self-publicist, who is "terribly bad at personal relationships," and "often thought to be completely out to lunch" (Adams, pg. 34). The ruler is described as existing on a deserted island and about to unearth the Heart of Gold to the universe. Heart of Gold appears to be a sort of starship government project that has within it a gold box. In reality, itââ¬â¢s indicated that Zaphod and the Heart of Gold have nefarious intent ions to steal the new starship. This scene is clearly complex and for the most part seems to have a comedic element that advances the narrative. Still, from another perspective itââ¬â¢s clear the Zaphod represents a modern day sort of politician. In these regards, one can consider his description of being on an island as the similarity of a politician being removed from the populace they are designed to help. The name of the Heart of Gold project is also indicative of the sort of social welfare and good intentioned project on might envision from politicians. The name flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-25998636929517961352020-01-27T00:34:00.001-08:002020-01-27T00:34:08.924-08:00Image Pre-compensation for Ocular AberrationsImage Pre-compensation for Ocular Aberrations Introduction Motivation On-screen image pre-compensation has good prospect with the increasing usage of various display screen devices in our daily life. Comparing to glasses, contact glasses and ocular surgery, on-screen image pre-compensation can be easily carried out by computer calculation without any irreversible change in the eyes, as long as the ocular aberration is known. Further, since neither contact lenses nor glasses are advised to be worn all of the time, on screen pre-compensation could even supplement glasses and contact lens use. It is known that compensation for higher aberrations can lead to super-sight, which is the neural limit of human eye. On-screen compensation also has the prospect of achieving this with customized screens in the foreseeable future. Image Processing Theories Human Visual System The human visual system is the combination of the optical system of the eye, and the neural processing of the light information received [Roorda (2011)], in which the latter is out of the concern of this research. The optical system of the eye is an intricate construction including the pupil, cornea, retina and lens (see Fig.1). The light come through the pupil is refracted by the lens and make an inverse image on the retina. During this process, any deficit would cause aberrations. For instance, myopia may result from the lens that the refraction is too high or that the distance from the lens and retina is too long. Fig.1 Cross-section of eye structure There is a limit resolution dominated by the neural receptor on the retina, which is below the diffraction limit. Although even for normal emmetropic eyes the sight is below neural limit and diffraction limit due to the minor deficit of eye structure. [Austin (2011)] For eyes with refractive issues, caused by cornea or lens from an ideal spherical shape, the aberrations would significantly dominate over this limit. Thus, in the following research, we shall omit the neural limitation. To increase the efficiency in the following, we can simply model the eye structure as such: a lens (regarding the cornea and the lens as a whole) with an adjustable size (pupil size) and an image plane (retina). Point Spread Function and image quality As is stated in the previous section the aberrations would come from any deficit of eye structure. In order to quantify the distortion in mathematical means, we introduce the Point Spread Function (PSF). Fundamentally, the PSF is defined as a function describes the response of an imaging system to a point source or point object. Note that the loss of light would not be considered in the PSF. Then, if we consider the PSF does not change across the field of view, which applies to the central 1-2Ãâà ° of visual angle [Reference!!!], the image can be expressed by the convolution of the PSF and the object in this area. (1) Where denotes the convolution algorithm. Note that the deconvolution method is based on the inverse operation of Eq.1, which will be introduce in Section 1.2.4. Fig.2 A contrast of PSF and MTF of an ideal emmetropic eyes (up) and a typical myopic eyes of -1.00 dioptre (down) Now we introduce two functions that can show the quality of the image: Optical Transfer Function (OTF) and the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). Either OTF or MTF specifies the response to a periodic sine-wave pattern passing through the lens system, as a function of its spatial frequency or period, and its orientation [WIKI]. The OTF is the Fourier transform of the PSF, and the MTF is the real magnitude of the OTF. In a 2d system, these two functions are defined as: (2) Where denotes the Fourier transform, and denote the phase space and Euclidian space, respectively. (3) Where means taking the absolute value. Zernike Polynomials The Zernike polynomials are a sequence of polynomials that are orthogonal over circular pupils. Some of the polynomials are related to classical aberrations. In optometry and ophthalmology, Zernike polynomials are the standard way to describe aberrations of the cornea or lens from an ideal spherical shape, which result in refraction errors [WIKI]. The definition of orthogonal Zernike Polynomials recommended in an ANSI standard is represented as: (4) Where m and n denote the radial degree and the azimuthal frequency, respectively. The radial polynomials are defined as: And the triangular functions: (6) Note that nm and nm must be even. The relationship between double index (m, n) and single index (i): Table.1 Eye aberrations presented by Zernike Polynomials Aberrations are expressed as the distortion of the wavefront as it passes through the eye. As is stated, Zernike polynomials are the standard way [Campbell (2003)] of quantifying this distortion. The aperture function (or pupil function) can link Zernike polynomials with the PSF: Where denotes complex aperture function (or pupil function). denotes the phase of the wavefront, and the i is the imaginary unit and denotes the amplitude function, which is usually one inside the circular pupil and zero on the outside. The PSF can be expressed as the square of Fourier transform of the complex aperture function: We now know that the PSF can be calculated with a known wavefront and the distortion of the wavefront caused by refractive error can be actually represented by several orders of Zernike Polynomials with different amplitudes, which can be precisely measured with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront analyser device. Deconvolution Method We introduce a way to pre-process the image to neutralize the aberration caused by eyes, which is also called image pre-compensation. Simplistically, to compensate them in advance to proactively counteract degradations resulting from the ocular aberrations of different users. Point Spread Function (PSF) is defined as a function describes the response of an imaging system to a point source or point object. The sinusoidal function is an eigenstate of the PSF (i.e. if the input image is a sinusoidal function, no matter what the PSF is, the output image would also be a sinusoidal function) The Image on the retina (or) can be linked with PSF by convolution as shown in Eq.1. Then we do Fourier transform on both side of the equation Note the convolution has changed to multiplication in the phase space. If we define a new OBJ as: The new image is This means If we can process the OBJ as defined, we will have the intended image in the observers eyes. To form the OBJ we introduce Minimum Mean Square Error filtering (or Wiener Filter) Where K is a constant. Computing Theories Fast Fourier Transform As is shown in previous sections, we use two algorithms that require an amount of calculation, which is Fourier transform (inverse Fourier transform) and convolution. Since computer images can be seen as 2-demension lattices, we will use 2d Discrete Fourier Transform: It is known that this process requires a significant amount of calculation. The conventional way of doing this would take a long time for regular PC. However, for research need, we will need to do this calculation in real-time. Thus, we introduce the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). A definition of FFT could be: An FFT is an algorithm computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a sequence or its inverse. Fourier analysis converts a signal from its original domain (often time or space) to representation in the frequency domain and vice versa. An FFT rapidly computes such transformations by factorizing the DFT matrix into a product of sparse (mostly zero) factors. [Van Loan (1992)] Also, all convolution within our program will be calculated by means of the FFT through the following equation: (16) Fig.3 A contrast of the speed of two means of calculation with respect of data length. The purpose of doing so is to accelerate the speed of calculation, since the conventional way of calculating convolution is much slower than the FFT. This difference of speed is shown in Fig.3. Nyquist Limit As is stated, we need the image and the PSF to before doing the pre-compensation. The PSF is calculated by aperture function Eq.9. To simulate the pupil, we can use a circular apertureà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦. However, this circular pupil has some restrictions in computer simulation, which is the Nyquist limit. In signal processing if we If we want to reconstruct all Fourier components of a periodic waveform, there is a restriction that the sampling rate needs to be at least twice the highest waveform frequency. The Nyquist limit, also known as Nyquist frequency, is the highest frequency that can be coded at a given sampling rate in order to be able to fully reconstruct the signal, which is half of the sampling rate of a discrete signal processing system. [Cramà ©r Grenander (1959)] For our simulation the sampling rate n is represented as: Aliasing will occur when . Psychometric Theories In order to quantify the enhancement of the Deconvolution Method to the subjects, we need to measure the change of the thresholds of the eyes before and after the compensation. Specifically, in our research we need to find out the threshold of minimum contrast and size of an image that the subjects can correctly recognize. This requires the use of some psychometric theories. Adaptive Staircase Method The staircase method is a widely used method in psychophysics test. The point of staircase method is to adjust the intensity of stimuli according to the response of the participant. To illustrate this method we shall use an example introduced by Cronsweet (1962): Suppose the problem is to determine Ss absolute, intensive threshold for the sound of a click. The first stimulus that E delivers is a click of some arbitrary intensity. S responds either that he did or did not hear it. If S says yes (he did hear it), the next stimulus is made less intense, and if S says no, the second stimulus is made more intense. If S responds yes to the second stimulus, the third is made less intense, and if he says no, it is made more intense. This procedure is simply continued until some predetermined criterion or number of trials is reached. The results of a series of 30 trials are shown in Fig.4. The results may be recorded directly on graph-paper; doing so helps E keep the procedure straight. Fig. 4 An example trail by Cornsweet (1962) There are four important characteristic of adaptive staircase method (1) Starting value; (2) Step-size; (3) Stopping condition; and (4) Modification of step-sizes. [Cornsweet 1962] The starting value should be near the threshold value. As is shown in Fig.4, the starting point determines how many step until it reach a level that near the threshold. The test will be most efficient if the starting value is near to that threshold. The step-size is 1 db for the example test. Step-size should meet the requirement that it is neither too big that not able to measure the threshold accurately nor too small to slow down the test process. It is advised that the step-size would be the most effective when it is the size of the differential threshold. The result with the staircase method would be like Fig.4 in general when it hover around a certain level of intensity of stimuli. When reached this asymptotic level, the trails should be taken into account. An efficient way is to set a number of trails that need to be record and start to count after it reach the asymptotic level. Under some conditions, the step-size need to be changed during the test. For careful experimental design, the first stimulus in each of the staircases are at same intensity-level. [Cornsweet 1962] However, then the staring level would be too far from the final level. This can be avoided by using large steps at the start, and smaller steps when it approach the final level. For instance, this can be done by decrease the step from 3db to 1db at the third reversal. It should be stated that the adaptive staircase method is a very efficient way of measurement. For a given reliability of a computed threshold-value, the staircase-method requires the presentation of many fewer stimuli than any other psychophysical method. Related Work General image compensation has long been used since the invention of lens. The invention of the computer and portable display devices make it easier to perform on-screen image pre-compensation. On-screen compensation has the advantage of convenience in that it can easily be carried out with any display-screen device that can compute. In addition, acuity limits in the human vision on the fovea are found to be between 0.6 and 0.25 arc minutes [Schwiegerling 2000], which is better than the typical acuity of emmetropic eyes [Pamplona 2012]. This means that effective compensation may increase the performance of emmetropic eyes. Deconvolution Method On screen image pre-compensation is based on the idea that the aberrations can be neutralized by pre-compensating the object. Specifically, it requires dividing the Fourier transform of uncorrected image by the Fourier transform of the PSF (i.e. the OTF). A detailed derivation can be found at section1.2.4. Early research by Alonso and Barreto (2003) tested subjects with defocus aberration using this method. Their results showed an improvement in observers visual acuity compared to non-corrected images. However, in practical use, for example, defocus, the defocus magnitude (in dioptres) as well as the pupil size, wavelength and viewing distance (visual angle) is required to calculate and scale the PSF, which means measurement and substitution of these parameters are also required to deliver the intended compensation. Enhancement of Deconvolution Method Recent research has further improved the deconvolution method. Huang et al (2012) carried out work with dynamic image compensation. They fixed the viewing distance from the screen and measured the real-time pupil size with the help of a Tobii T60 eye tracker device. Then they compensated the image with this real-time pupil size data. The reliability and acuity were improved by this dynamic compensation. Unlike perfect eyes, for which bigger pupil size would lead to smaller diffraction limited PSF, for most eyes, a bigger pupil size would lead to an increase in aberrations. That is also why dynamic compensation is important. As is mentioned in previous section, the principle of pre-compensation is to divide the Fourier transform of the image by the Fourier transform of the OTF. In order to avoid near-zero values in the OTF, most of the research used Minimum Mean Square Error filtering (Wiener filter). However, the outcome usually suffers from an apparent loss of contrast. Recent research has revealed other ways to optimize the compensation to have higher contrast and sharper boundaries. The multi-domain approach was introduced by Alonso Jr et al. (2006). They claimed that there are unnecessary parts in pre-compensated image. Simplistically, there is compensation that is irrelevant with respect to the important information in the image. This work showed an improvement of acuity using this method with respect to recognising text. More recently, Montalto et al. (2015) applied the total variation method to process the pre-compensated image. The result is slightly better but still suffers from a trade-off between contrast and acuity. Fundamentally, the impaired human eye can be seen as a low-pass filter, and either an increase of image aliasing or a decrease of contrast is inevitable. Other Approaches The research described above can be seen as an enhancement and a supplement of the original method carried out by Alonso (2003). However, as is stated, there is a limit of image pre-compensation by the PSF deconvolution method. Others has studied other on-screen methods to achieve a better outcome. Huang et al. (2012) introduced a multilayer approach based on the drawback of normal on screen pre-compensation that was shown by Yellot and Yellot (2007). This method is based on the deconvolution method, but uses a double-layer display rather than normal display. According to Fig.2, if we have two separated displays, then we have two different MTF curve. Then, the near-zero gap in MTF can be filled. This approach has showed a demonstrable improvement of contrast and brightness in their simulation. However, it required a transparent front display that does not block the light from the rear display at all, which is not plausible in practical use. Later, Pamplona et al. (2012) investigated a light field theory approach and built a monochrome dual-stack-LCD display (also known as parallax barriers) prototype and a lenticular-based display prototype to form directional light. Huang et al. (2014) restated the potential of using light field theory on image compensation and built another prototype with a parallax barrier mask and higher resolution. The outcome of both methods were similar. They could produce colour images with only a little decrease in contrast and acuity. However, it should be stated that both methods were carried out with a fixed directional light field, which used a fixed camera to photograph the intended corrected image. It is obvious that is not feasible in practical use with moving observer. Adjustable directional light has not been implemented due to the limits imposed by diffraction and resolution. In addition, there are minor issues on the loss of brightness as well in these research. Overall, the most applicable way of on-screen image compensation is still deconvolution method. The light field method requires very precise eye tracking to inject the light into pupil, while deconvolution only requires the observer to keep a certain distance and to be in front of the pre-compensated image. Method Subjects Implementation We built a program for the test that can proceed the pre-compensation in real-time using deconvolution method. This program can pre-compensate any aberration that can be represented by Zernike polynomials The experiment is based on adaptive staircase method. During the experiment, the program shows optotype Landolt-C in four directions (i.e. up, down, left and right) which is randomly generated at each trail. The subjects choose the direction of the Landolt-C. Staircase: This research intend to find two thresholds: contrast and size. Though the We shall describe the staircase method for the contrast threshold. The experiment for size threshold is taken likewise. The four characteristic for our adaptive staircase method are: The start value is relatively large since the subject The step-size The experiment ends in N trials after it reached the final level For our research, we cannot determine an ideal starting value because the subjects have different type and intensity of aberration. Thus, we have to change the size-step to make our experiment efficient. The threshold is calculated using the record the last N trails of the experiment, which is determined by the following equation: Eq.() The program was design as such that Assumptions, Approximations and Limitations Assumption: About Subjects Limitation: Polychromatic issues, No. of Pixels, Staircase References Alonso, M., Barreto, A. B. (2003, September). Pre-compensation for high-order aberrations of the human eye using on-screen image deconvolution. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2003. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE (Vol. 1, pp. 556-559). IEEE. Alonso Jr, M., Barreto, A., Jacko, J. A., Adjouadi, M. (2006, October). A multi-domain approach for enhancing text display for users with visual aberrations. In Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility (pp. 34-39). ACM. Campbell, C. E. (2003). A new method for describing the aberrations of the eye using Zernike polynomials. Optometry Vision Science, 80(1), 79-83. Cornsweet, T. N. (1962). The staircase-method in psychophysics. The American journal of psychology, 75(3), 485-491. Harvey, L. O. (1986). Efficient estimation of sensory thresholds. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, Computers, 18(6), 623-632. Huang, F. C., Wetzstein, G., Barsky, B. A., Raskar, R. (2014). Eyeglasses-free display: towards correcting visual aberrations with computational light field displays. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 33(4), 59. Huang, J., Barreto, A., Adjouadi, M. (2012, August). Dynamic image pre-compensation for computer access by individuals with ocular aberrations. In 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (pp. 3320-3323). IEEE. Montalto, C., Garcia-Dorado, I., Aliaga, D., Oliveira, M. M., Meng, F. (2015). A total variation approach for customizing imagery to improve visual acuity. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 34(3), 28. Pamplona, V. F., Oliveira, M. M., Aliaga, D. G., Raskar, R. (2012). Tailored displays to compensate for visual aberrations. Roorda, A. (2011). Adaptive optics for studying visual function: a comprehensive review. Journal of vision, 11(5), 6-6. Schwiegerling, J. (2000). Theoretical limits to visual performance. Survey of ophthalmology, 45(2), 139-146. Yellott, J. I., Yellott, J. W. (2007, February). Correcting spurious resolution in defocused images. In Electronic Imaging 2007 (pp. 64920O-64920O). International Society for Optics and Photonics. Young, L. K., Love, G. D., Smithson, H. E. (2013). Different aberrations raise contrast thresholds for single-letter identification in line with their effect on cross-correlation-based confusability. Journal of vision, 13(7), 12-12. Van Loan, C. (1992). Computational frameworks for the fast Fourier transform (Vol. 10). Siam. Cramà ©r, H., Grenander, U. (1959). Probability and statistics: the Harald Cramà ©r volume. Almqvist Wiksell. à à flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-19230556254603387472020-01-18T20:56:00.001-08:002020-01-18T20:56:04.325-08:00Isaac’s StormIsaacââ¬â¢s Storm Isaac Cline dealt with perils that no one should have ever had to endure. Erik Larson was very good at describing what he thought and saw, but a little too much. His descriptions were too lengthy and the subject didnââ¬â¢t catch my attention until much later in the book. The book was written very well it excluded the too familiar he said she saids. The language flows with clarity and precision. His recount of the stormââ¬â¢s destruction sucks you into the dramatic effects as the storm takes over the town. Some of my favorite parts of the book are in the beginning I love the metaphors and similes. The beginning catches you by taking you across the world to Africa, ââ¬Å"It began as all things must, with an awakening of molecules. The sun rose over the African highlands east of Cameroon and warm grasslands, forests, lakes, and rivers, and the men and creatures that moved and breathed among them; it warmed their exhalations and caused these to rise upward as a great plume of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen, the earthââ¬â¢s soul. â⬠That creates such a beautiful picture of all elements working together I love it. I also think that the fact that itââ¬â¢s true is amazing. Over 10, 000 people dead from one hurricane. Technology has advanced so much even since then. I canââ¬â¢t imagine what Hurricane Katrina would have done if no one had been warned. Itââ¬â¢s so important for education to progress and expand. Isaac took on a tremendous responsibility when he didnââ¬â¢t realize what was coming; I donââ¬â¢t think it was his fault though. He thought he was prepared and nothing could have prepared him, or anyone for the tragedy that the hurricane brought. Itââ¬â¢s very interesting learning about the politics of the weather bureaus and how everything works. I never knew how much the weatherman did. The things that they measure and predict are really incredible. The most interesting part of the book was when the storm actually hit. The way Erik Larson describes the events happening to Isaac makes you feel like youââ¬â¢re watching them through Isaacââ¬â¢s eyes. It makes me really appreciate living in the mountains where tropical storms and tornados donââ¬â¢t destruct our beautiful valley. Another one of my favorite paragraphââ¬â¢s was, ââ¬Å"the air cooled rapidly as it pierced colder and colder layers of atmosphere and encountered lower and lower pressure. The lower the pressure, the more the air expanded. As it expanded it cooled. It continued to rise but less than a mile above the earth crossed a threshold, and a phase change occurred. The air got so cold, it could no longer retain the water it carried. The vapor condensed en masse, as if at the tap of a conductorââ¬â¢s baton. The resulting droplets were so tiny they remained suspended in the rising air. â⬠Itââ¬â¢s fun reading about the facts when he relates them to familiar things. It lightens the book and catches your attention again. I definitely leaned a lot in this book. Before I didnââ¬â¢t really know anything about weather, especially all of the tools to measure the wind pressure and how to watch the tides and so on. I enjoyed learning about all of these things even though I learned more than I care for about how precise the weather is. I also learned much more about Texas and Galveston. It would be nice if Erikson would have included a dictionary like Ella Minnow Pea, so that you didnââ¬â¢t have to go back and forth throughout the book to double check. Overall the book wasnââ¬â¢t too bad. I liked how he makes the whole story come to life, but in doing so he seems to drag on in details. flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-85993734532367306672020-01-10T17:20:00.001-08:002020-01-10T17:20:05.942-08:00PepsiCo Supply Chain Management EssayIntroduction Supply Chain Management is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible. Supply chain management spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point-of-origin to point-of-consumption. It is a cross functional approach to managing the movement of raw materials into an organization and the movement of finished goods out of the organization toward the end consumer. Supply Chain management is also the combination of art and science of improving the way company finds the raw components it needs to make a product or service and deliver it to customers. It seeks to enhance competitive performance by closely integrating the internal functions within a company and effectively linking them with external operations of suppliers and channel members. Moreover, this has been a prominent concern for both large and small companies as they strive for better quality and higher customer satisfaction. In a supply chain, a company links to its supplier upstream and to its distributors downstream in order to serve its customer. The goal of supply chain management is to provide maximum customer service at the lowest possible costs. Companies now are competing supply chain-to-supply chain rather than enterprise-to-enterprise requiring for more intimately connected relationships. Customer markets and supply chains are no longer limited by physical proximity, and businesses are sourcing from and managing a greater number of far-flung partners and channels. Success of a company now depends on effective global supply chain management, its ability to deliver the right product to the right market at the right time. The complexity involved in managing supply chains that span continents and dominate markets demands strategies and systems that are adaptable. Managing Supply Chain for Global Competitiveness takes a strategic look at all of the core functions of global supply chain management wh ich includes product design, planning and forecasting, sourcing, outsourcing, manufacturing, logistics, distribution, and fulfilment. An example to illustrate this theory on the supply chainà management is the PepsiCo, Inc. Pepsi Co History PepsiCo, a Fortune 500, American Multinational Corporation is under the food consumer product industry and is the world leader in convenient foods and beverages. The Pepsi brand and other Pepsi-Cola products account for nearly one-third of the total soft drink sales in the United States. In order for the company to make sure that their products reach the customers, the company needs a efficient supply chain solutions. It was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Tropicana was acquired in 1998 and PepsiCo merged with The Quaker Oats Company, including the Gatorade in 2001. PepsiCo offers product choices to meet a broad variety of needs and preference ââ¬â from fun-for-you items to product choices that contribute to healthier lifestyles. PepsiCo owns some of the worldââ¬â¢s most popular brands, including Pepsi-Cola, Mountain Dew, Diet Pepsi, Layââ¬â¢s, Doritos, Tropicana, Gatorade, and Quaker. Coca-Cola Company in market value for the first time in 112 years since both companies began to compete. Other brands include Caffeine-Free Pepsi, Diet Pepsi/Pepsi Light, Caffeine-Free Diet Pepsi, Caffeine-Free Pepsi Light, Wild Cherry Pepsi, Pepsi Lime, Pepsi Max, Pepsi Twist and Pepsi ONE,7 Up ,Aquafina (Flavour Splash, Alive, and Twist/Burst),Propel Fitness Water, SoBe, Quaker Milk Chillers. The Frito-Lay brands are : Cheetos,Fritos,Go Snacks, Jamesââ¬â¢ Grandmaââ¬â¢s Cookies, Hamkaââ¬â¢s, Layââ¬â¢s, Miss Vickieââ¬â¢s, Munchies, Sandora, Santitas, The Smithââ¬â¢s Snackfood Company, Sun Chips, Kurkure, Tostitos and some of the Quaker Oats brands include Aunt Jemima, Capone Crunch, Chewy Granola bars, Coqueiro, Crispââ¬â¢ums, Cruesli, FrescAvena, King Vitaman, Life, Oatso Simple, Quake, Quisp, Rice-A-Roni, and Spudz PepsiCoââ¬â¢s Mission PepsiCoââ¬â¢s overall mission is to increase the value of shareholderââ¬â¢s investment. They do this through sales growth, cost controls and wise investment of resources. They believe their commercial success depends upon offering quality and value to their consumers and customers; providing products that are safe, wholesome, economically efficient and environmentally sound; and providing a fair return to their investors while adhering to the highest standards of integrity. A customer while purchasing a bottle of Pepsi will consider product quality, price and availability of the product. Thus, Pepsi focuses its competitive strategy as to producing sufficient variety, reasonable prices, and the availability of the product. Pepsi Ceo Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi has been the chief executive of PepsiCo since 2006. During her time, healthier snacks have been marketed and the company is striving for a net-zero impact on the environment. This focus on healthier foods and lifestyles is part of Nooyiââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Performance with Purposeâ⬠philosophy. In 2007, Nooyi spent $1.3 billion on healthier-alternative brands like Naked Juice, a California maker of soy drinks and organic juice. Today, beverage distribution and bottling is undertaken primarily by associated companies such as The Pepsi Bottling Group and Pepsi Americas. PepsiCo is a SIC 2080 (beverage) company. PepsiCo has also recently acquired a 50% stake in U.S.-based Sabra Dipping Company. PepsiCo also has formed partnerships with several brands it does not own, in order to distribute these or market them with its own brands. Competitive and Supply Chain Strategies In its business, diversity and inclusion provide a competitive advantage that drives business results. Its brands appeal to an extraordinarily diverse array of customers and they are sold by an equally diverse group of retailers. It understands the needs of our consumers and customers Uses diversity in our supplier base and in everything we do. Commitment to purchase from a supplier base representative of our employees, consumers, retail customers and communities. Developing partnerships with minority-owned and women-owned suppliers helps us build the world-class supplier base we need. Creates mutually beneficial relationships that expand PepsiCoââ¬â¢s sphere of activity. It helps build community infrastructure by providing employment, training, role models, buying from other minority and women-owned business and supporting community organizations Figure Thus the major sustainable advantages that give PepsiCo a competitive edge as they operate in the global marketplace: 1. Big, muscular brands, 2. Proven ability to innovate and create differentiated products and 3. Powerful go-to-market systems. PepsiCoââ¬â¢s Supply Chain Management Difficulties without Just-in-Time When an operation of the company was not just-in-time based, the demand or production planner strived to optimize production-oriented goals and objectives such as equipment utilization, labour efficiency, throughput and uptime. Optimizing these goals often leads to run large batch sizes that are dependent on the availability of raw materials. This optimizes the equipment and labour utilization but the production planners and managers had not been looking at the expense of the bigger picture. The sourcing or purchasing managers strived towards reducing companyââ¬â¢s spending overall. This manager consolidated suppliers offering products or materials at the lowest per unit costs through buying in volume. They even got the shipping and freight costs included in the purchase price, which led to the increase in the price of the commodity. Purchasing managers focused on getting the best price, not putting into consideration the supplier performance and reliability. The logistics/transportation manager was tacked with getting raw materials in and the finished goods out of the production process and seek to optimize the transportation and distributing network. This manager focused on the lowest cost and reliability of the logistics or transportation solutions. But lowest cost could only be attained if the purchasing team negotiates a delivered cost package deal with the supplier and the supplier is responsible of the reliability and performance of the carriers or transporters. Improvement with using Just-In-Time (JIT) When it comes to delivering high cost and perishable products to manufacturing sites, just-in-time (JIT) remains one of the most cost-effective supply chain solutions. In JIT process, on time delivery is an absolute necessity. Just-in-Time (JIT) is a philosophy that defines the manner in which a manufacturing system should be managed. It enhances customer satisfaction in terms of availability of options, assurance ofquality, prompt delivery times, and value of money. The Pepsi brand and other Pepsi-Cola products accounted for nearly one-third of the total soft drink sales in the United States. In order to ensure that PepsiCoââ¬â¢s concentrates reaches bottlers as needed during the production had to reach them JIT, they partnered with 3PL provider Penske Logistics to manage its transportation. Penske also provides warehouse management for two Pepsi distribution centers in North America. I2 Transportation I2 Transportation is a part of end to end solution for planning, execution, and management of the entire transportation cycle. It is designed to enable an organization to utilize and manage an entire transportation network, as well as reduce cost while improving transport performance. I2 transportation is designed to employ sophisticated optimization and data techniques to define and evaluate alternative transportation strategies. It is also designed to provide comprehensive data management, analytics, and reporting of key transportation cost and service trade-offs. Implementation PepsiCo set two objectives for transportation management. One was to achieve an on-time delivery rate at 99.1% and another was to reduce transportation costs.It empowered with optimized processes and technology that enable the team to perform at the highest possible level. With the application of new technology that provides greater supply chain visibility, better organized data, and access to higher level of real time or near real time information, even the best team can improve their performance. In 2000, Penske converted Pepsiââ¬â¢s transportation management technology from propriety software to i2 transportation optimization solution. i2 transportation platform was enhanced with the addition of interface between the two companies. In addition, Penskeââ¬â¢s partnership with Business objects provided comprehensive supply chain data from its data warehouse, analysis and management applications. Penskeââ¬â¢s with use of i2 transportation could track performance at every stag e in the process which increased flexibility and provided greater control over the transportation operation. This increase in visibility made it easier to keep track of shipments, revise routes and schedules to accommodate unforeseen changes and implement alternative plans to counter delays. By Penskeââ¬â¢s putting a solution in place to track andà measure every shipment, Pepsi has been able to provide an on-time delivery performance of well over 99 percent. Pepsiââ¬â¢s transportation is consolidated to a central location to reduce costs. Penske also provided a nationwide carrier rate re-negotiation and service assessment which improved cost structure and achieve on-time delivery goal. With this centralization, allows negotiation in a large scale to secure the best rates and services. Furthermore, Pepsiââ¬â¢s orders are received electronically and optimized to ensure lowest transportation cost. Advanced technology is deployed to select the lowest cost carrier, find the best routes and consolidate shipments. Optimal load configuration ensures maximization of each truckload (2003). In summary, PepsiCo used the JIT process to its supply chain management. To make this possible, Pepsi partners with Penske that has provide them with i2 transportation optimization solutions which has satisfies their consumer with the on-time delivery and with the benefit to the company for it has also reduce transportation cost. I2 Supply Chain Visibility With shorter lifecycles and lead timesââ¬âto customers demanding faster results and more responsive service. Globalization and outsourcing have added to the complexity, resulting in more diversified supply chains. The number of supply chain partners, as well as the amount of geographic dispersion, has increased dramatically as a result. To ensure that their order-to-delivery performance is not impacted, companies need to have greater coordination and visibility into the material flow across the supply chain. Increase Global Visibility With Companies have access to global visibility into all of their critical supply chain activities and partnerships. It allows organizations to respond more quickly and effectively to a wide range of unplanned and potentially disruptive supply and demand events. Supply-related events can include production bottlenecks, fulfillment delays such as port strikes and customs delays, and supplier shortages. Demand-side events might include customer orders that are greater than forecasts or changes to orders that have already been placed. I2 Supply Chain Visibility is designed to manage these events, assess their impact, and orchestrate a rapid and practical resolution while providing a unified view of the supply chain. The solutionà can also incorporate packaged business process packs for replenishment, fulfilment, and manufacturing, and these packages can be configured to meet customer-specific requirements. i2 Supply Chain Visibility also enables companies to close the loop between tra ditional planning and execution processes. It enables better understanding of orders, inventory, and logistics data. Powerful Functionality This solution incorporates pre-built workflows that integrate data across order management, warehouse management, logistics, and inventory applications for the flow of both domestic and international goods. A series of predefined, extensible events and exceptions support each workflow and a visual ââ¬Å"studioâ⬠allows workflows and events to be extended, configured, and customized to meet specific enterprise requirements. i2 Supply Chain Visibility delivers a robust technology that is scalable and extensible, and that operates smoothly in a distributed computing environment. Extensive Capabilities Inbound and outbound tracking of order, inventory, and logistics flows Domestic and international flows that track multi-leg and multi-modal shipments Visibility into exceptions and events across orders, inventory, and shipments Role-based views for buyers, suppliers, analysts, and 3PL vendors High degree of permissibility and privacy controls Track-and-trace inventory across multiple locations Configurable event detection mechanism and customizable event management workflows Event chaining such as linking of related events, audit trails, context-based problem prioritization and extensive notification options including e-mail, e-mail digest, pagers, and cell phones Calendars, internationalization (i18n), and multi-time zone support enabled Integration to underlying applications for intelligent resolution and to prevent event recurrence Root-cause, event trend, and performance analysis capabilities event library with over 100+ out-of-box events supported Fast, web-based supplier enablement and transaction support Benefits Exception-based management End-to-end supply chain visibility and event management tools Customer-specific solutions for replenishment, fulfillment, and manufacturing The ability to forecast and respond to supply/demand events The option to move from calendar-based to event-driven planning and re-planning. Increased employee productivity Reduced process, personnel, and expediting costs Improved customer, supplier, and partner communications. Real-time decision support E-solution by Hewlett Packard (HP) PepsiCo signed a deal with Hewlett Packard in 2006 to help improve its supply chain management and increase overall efficiency. The seven year deal involved the overhaul of current IT solutions with PepsiCo and focused on updating server environments as well as ensuring a new infrastructure which benefitted operations and increased overall cost-saving. In particular, HP introduced a number of new solutions which helped to encourage stronger customer relationship management and supply chain management. PepsiCo had also opted for BT as its network provider to ensure the e-solution is fully implemented. The supply chain management solution reduced costs as well as enhanced current service provision online and via its communications networking system. By standardizing and optimizing its server environment, PepsiCo International is better flex to meet its changing business needs and in turn provide better service to customers anywhere in the world. Pepsi Bottling Pepsi Bottling Group is the worldââ¬â¢s largest manufacturer, seller and distributor of Pepsi-Cola beverages. With annual sales of nearly $11 billion, the companyââ¬â¢s fastest growing segment is non-carbonated beverages, including the number one brand of bottled water in the U.S., Aquafina, as well as Tropicana juice drinks and Lipton Ice Tea. As part of a 24/7 production operation, the companyââ¬â¢s Detroit plant ships about 27 million cases per year. Production at the plant begins as empty bottles are unloaded from trucks via conveyor and transported to a depalletizer. From there, theyà are, rinsed, dried and sent to a filling machine (filler speeds at the plant vary based on bottle size, ranging from 350 to 1,000 bottles per minute). The bottles leave the fillers and make their way to a packaging machine, and then to a palletizer. Each pallet is wrapped for distribution and moved to the warehouse for shipping. The challenge The plant uses a variety of sensors to monitor bottles as they travel through the sequence of steps and to manage the flow to the individual stations. Line sensors match the speed of the conveyor. The companyââ¬â¢s inventory of sensors swelled over the years to include more than 120 different varieties. Many of these included multiple styles of the same product stocked under different brands. A similar problem was developing with its drives inventory, which had grown to over 50 different part numbers. The wide variety of sensors made it progressively more complex and time-consuming to replace a faulty device. Despite its fast, high-performance machinery, the increasingly lengthy and more frequent downtime was beginning to impact the companyââ¬â¢s ability to meet its productivity goals. In addition, operating costs were on the rise due to the excess spares inventory. Because of the extensive number of sensors they had in inventory, including multiple styles and brands, simply finding the right replacement resulted in an hour of downtime. A more strategic approach to maintenance was necessary, as even the smallest of delays could cost the plant thousands of dollars in lost production and overtime. Knowing that effective parts management and fast, reliable equipment repair lies at the heart of efficient manufacturing, the company explored ways to get its inventory and maintenance processes under tighter control. Thatââ¬â¢s when it decided to turn to Rockwell Automation for help. The Pepsi Bottling Groupââ¬â¢s Detriot plant reduced its number of sensors from 180 to 46, a decrease of 66 percent, by standardizing it sensors inventory to Allen-Bradley products. This reduced downtime and inventory costs. The solution The first task undertaken by Rockwell Automation was to conduct an Installed Base Evaluation ââ¬â a plant-wide inventory assessment to determine the exactà number of sensors and drives the plant currently had in stock. Next it needed to figure out what products were actually needed and which ones could be eliminated. To streamline its operation, Rockwell Automation recommended that Pepsi standardize its entire sensors inventory on Allen-Bradley products. The local distributor, McNaughton-McKay Electric Company (Mc&Mc), helped design a migration plan to help ease the cost of this inventory conversion. Although all the drives employed at the plant were Allen-Bradley brand, many were older models representing a multitude of drive families. To simplify its drives inventory and upgrade its technology at the same time, Pepsi converted all of its drives to the Allen-Bradley PowerFlex family of AC drives. A detailed cross-reference chart developed by Rockwell Automation now provides te chnicians with a quick and easy way to identify failed and replacement parts, as well as installation instructions. To ensure reliable availability to spare parts, Pepsi set-up a Rockwell Automation Services Agreement that included parts management. With the agreement, Pepsi pays a fixed monthly cost for their spare parts, which are owned and managed by Rockwell Automation but stocked on-site. The agreement allows Pepsi to reduce its upfront expenses, have immediate access to spares, reduce carrying costs, and update its control technology cost-effectively. The agreement also includes an in-service warranty, so the parts donââ¬â¢t go out of warranty until they are actually used for the warranty period. To help the company better utilize its internal resources and reduce costly troubleshooting delays, the Rockwell Automation Services Agreement included TechConnect Support. This remote support service provides the plant with 24/7 access to Rockwell Automation technical specialists. When a problem occurs, Pepsi technicians can call for immediate troubleshooting assistance to resolve it as quickly as possible. To help facilitate problem resolution, Rockwell Automation technical specialists can also perform remote system diagnosti cs through an Allen-Bradley modem installed at the Pepsi facility. This helped Pepsi minimize risk and reducing long term costs. The results Leveraging Rockwell Automation Services & Support has proved to be a smart decision for Pepsi Bottling Group. The improved inventory and parts management capabilities helped reduce downtime and inventory costs, andà standardizing on Allen-Bradley products eased training requirements and minimized the technology learning curve. These benefits have ultimately enhanced productivity by 8 percent and reduced the overtime required to fill orders. In addition, the plant was able to reduce the number of sensors it uses from 180 to 46, a decrease of 66 percent. Likewise, it was able to reduce the number of drive styles from several hundred to 14. Packaging as a tool for Supply chain management GS ââ¬â 1 standards (bar codes) RFID tags for real-time stock replenishments Commercial Security offerings Counterfeit & pilferage Online supply chain visibility across the chain Pack safety for the consumer Pepsi-Cola Saved $44 million by switching from corrugated to reusable plastic shipping containers for one litre and 20-ounce bottles, conserving 196million pounds of corrugated material. Palletization ââ¬â cost vs. value creator Key supply chain cost optimizer through an Integrated supply chain approach â⬠¢ Drive standards ââ¬â pallets/trucks â⬠¢ Pallet pooling services Palletization Roadmap PepsiCoââ¬â¢s Frito Lay Supply chain Frito-Lay is the snack food division of PepsiCo and the largest supplier of potato and corn chips in the world, currently holding 40% of the market share globally, and selling its products in 120 countries. Strength Frito-Lay is succeeding against a multitude of competitors in a fierce, yet slow-growth industry, selling approximately 4.5 billion packages of snacks per year. In order to achieve this, the company has learned how to masterfully create, innovate and manage all aspects of its supply chainà using high-tech IT systems that allow it greater control over its production processes and distribution network. Supply chain in USA: Supplier Base: Frito-Layââ¬â¢s supplier network for potato chip production has fewer than 100 individual suppliers. Strategy Used: Several years ago, Frito-Lay approached its potato suppliers to seek those farmers willing to concentrate on cultivating a limited number of potato varieties, with a focus on producing the most appealing taste and quality potato chip for the consumer. Frito-Lay then offered these farmers long-term contracts, which made it easier for the farmers to get financing and for Frito-Lay to achieve more efficient, profitable economies of scale in other areas of the value chain. It is noteworthy to mention that steps like these that insure a stable supply of raw material are important to a company who purchases 2.3 billion pounds of potatoes and 775 million pounds of corn annually. From supplier to retailer Frito-Lay traditionally relied upon its in-house fleet of trucks to transport products from its plants to its 1,900 warehouses or 200 distribution centers. However, as the company expanded, operations managers realized that it was not economical to produce every product at every plant, and thus began specializing at particular locations. On the other hand, logistics became increasingly difficult and distances grew longer, and thus, Frito-Lay learned to exploit the benefits of truck carrier services, employing Menlo Logistics to handle route planning. Menlo was able to reduce the carrier base by 50% and negotiate nation-wide discounts with other carriers. Retailers The last stop involved is the 400,000 stores across the nation that carries Frito-Layââ¬â¢s snack food products. The company utilizes their own technological systems to show stores how reallocating shelf space, for example, can produce larger profits. Retailers are also provided with Frito-Layââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Profit-Vision Programâ⬠, which allows retailers to analyze their sales and compare it to national performance statistics. At the same time, Frito-Lay benefits from the program because it convinces retailers to allocate more shelf-space to their products. Strengths of IT corporation Tracks the logistical movement of products throughout the supply chain, from acquiring the raw materials to final delivery, by utilizing its 848 tractors, 2,251 trailers, and a fleet of thousands of local computer-equipped delivery trucks. Empowers its regional managers with access to vast amounts of information on their databases that can be used to effectively guide them in their distribution decisions. It is able to correctly assess demands across all of its products due to the availability of point-of-sale data and an impeccable IT system, giving planners the ability to discern consumer trends and appropriately prepare production plans. Its managers can be proficient in determining levels of inbound supplies, raw materials, the allocation of the companyââ¬â¢s production capacity, and logistical details for truck routing. The companyââ¬â¢s ability to target local demand patterns with effective promotion and delivery systems results in continuously optimizing profit margins a nd reducing inventory and unneeded costs. Competitive advantages The company tries to captivate its customers by developing extensive databases that record who their customers are and exactly what they want. They focus on being the most reliable, quality-driven suppliers who provide services through the retail channel by means of collecting as much information along the way and utilizing it to address their weaknesses and capitalize on their strengths. Despite only delivering potato and corn chips, relies on its ability to add unparalleled value in its distribution channel. Its customers know that when they do business with Frito-Lays, they arenââ¬â¢t simply buying a product to shelve in their stores, but incorporating an advanced information system with hopes of increasing sales and profits. Supply chain in India Horticulture produce in India is largely marketed through traditional channels. A typical marketing chain for horticultural produce consists of several players as shown in Figure PepsiCo is one of the pioneers of contract farming in India since 2001 Their experience in contract farming has covered many crops ââ¬â potato, basmatià rice, tomato, chili, peanut, oranges and more recently sea weed. PepsiCoââ¬â¢s operations started in India started in the region of Punjab in collaboration with state government. PepsiCo Indiaââ¬â¢s project with the Punjab Agro Industries Corporation and Punjab Agriculture University remains one of the most ambitious contracts farming projects in the country. Pepsi Tropicana Supply Chain Background Of the four principal Distribution Centres (DC) in the U.S. the Jersey City, N.J. DC is responsible for the supply of Tropicana juices in all states in the Northeast U.S., and all Canadian provinces. Jersey City houses a unit load capacity Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) that is fully integrated into an Automated Warehouse System (AWS). The center handles chilled premium orange juices, and blended juices from concentrate as well as shelf stable juice products from either Florida or local co-packers. Products vary according to package size, and juice type and style, giving rise to approximately 200 Stock Keeping Units (SKU), each facing random demand from customers. Juices arrive already palletized and variously pre-packaged, and are unloaded according to demand, and moved into the ASRS area. The Jersey City Distribution Center (DC) of Tropicana is responsible for the supply of Tropicana juices in all states in the Northeast U.S., and all Canadian provinces. Premium orange juice from Florida represents approximately 65% of the shipments, and has an approximate shelf life of 65 days. The Jersey City DC receives five Tropicana Unit trains from the production facility in Florida weekly. Each train has approximately 45 refrigerated cars. Juices arrive already palletized and pre-packaged in paperboard containers and plastic and glass bottles. Two types of unloading procedures are currently in practice: cross-docking and warehousing. Cross docking normally is used for customers receiving a single product types or transfers to a smaller distribution center in Whitestone, NY. Each train usually contains 8 to 10 railcars that can accommodate cross-dock delivery. Problems There are three major problem areas related to the current practices in Tropicana. 1. Ordering policy of the individual retailers. At the moment, Tropicana manages the inventory orders for about 10% ââ¬â 20% of the retailers. This process is called CRP or continuous replenishment program. The Tropicana customer service department administers the ordering of those individual customers. From the supply chain perspective, this is mutually beneficial for both the customers and the warehouse. The advantage of the warehouse is that it is able to centralize the demand information of individual stores in its replenishment decisions of juices shipped from Florida to Jersey City. The retailers benefit from in time delivery and less stock out cost. Individual stores contribute the other 80% ââ¬â 90% of the orders, which are not under Tropicanaââ¬â¢s control. This is subject to random variation and hence uncertainties of demand on the warehouse. One approach would be to create an incentive for the customers to entrust their ordering function to Tropicana. This is th e so-called supplier-retailer coordination problem. A carefully designed coordinated system will benefit each and every player in the supply chain network. This may require the design of contracts or cost sharing agreements with the customers. 2. Central ordering of juices that are shipped to the distribution center. Currently there are five trains of juices scheduled to arrive weekly from Florida. The company never ships partially filled trains from Florida. The Jersey City distribution center sometimes builds up inventory of certain classes of juices that are close to their expiration date, and the company has to get rid of them either at a very low price with sales promotion or donate them to charity. A carefully designed and sophisticated coordination of ordering policies will reduce the chances for these problems and result in savings. At the same time it will increase the fill rate because the additional capacity gained from more reasonable ordering can be used for ordering more juices of the type that cause trucks to wait in the yard. 3. Combining marketing strategies with inventory levels and other factors. Marketing strategies such as sales incentives can influence demand. Foreseeing an inventory buildup problem, the company can use marketing (and mainly pricing) as a tool to either increase demand (when certain items build up) or reduce demand (when insufficient inventory is available). Solution 1. Tropicana, a unit of PepsiCo, implemented i2 Supply Chain Strategist to model manufacturing logistics operations to include co-packer operations. 2. The model involved over 30 manufacturing and distribution facilities and the seasonal demand of over 20 product types. 3. Tropicana used i2 Supply Chain Strategist to execute hundreds of scenarios and sensitivities, producing data that provided insights into areas where the company could rationalize system capacity at manufacturing facilities and increase efficiencies within existing distribution and logistics systems. Limitations of Pepsi Supply Chain over Coke 1. PepsiCo has duplicate distribution systems for its beverages. Coca-Cola has for the most part maintained distribution of its entire beverage line-up through its bottlers. 2. Pepsi bottling system is more fragmented than Coca-Colaââ¬â¢s 3. In a consolidated system negotiations involve fewer players and therefore take less time to gain agreement, which may be why the Pepsi system has lagged in system efficiency efforts. PepsiCo and its bottlers have established a purchasing cooperative to gain purchasing power in buying raw materials. 4. While PepsiCo has been pursuing international beverage acquisitions, those investments will take time to produce significant operating income 5. PepsiCo consolidation puts pressure on the independent system bottlers to more readily consider agreements for warehouse distribution. flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-18282514806864606452020-01-02T13:44:00.001-08:002020-01-02T13:44:02.269-08:00Suivre - French Verb Conjugations flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-87314839786209706182019-12-25T10:11:00.001-08:002019-12-25T10:11:02.770-08:00Magic Realism Friend or Foe Essay - 655 Words Your imagination has no limits. What exactly is magic realism, you might be asking yourself. Well, if you have ever seen Godzilla you have seen magic realism. Magic Realism is a type of dream or fantasy that is mixed into the real world. How does magic realism make you feel? Why does magic realism occur? How does magic realism affect the world? These are just a few of the fascinating questions we will uncover using the short stories we have just read. A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Light is Like Water by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, and My Life with the Wave by Octavio Paz. Magic realism used in these short stories paints a vivid image into someone elses imaginary life, where the real world and the fantasy worldâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The first thing the boys ask for is a rowboat, he want it so that he can ââ¬Ëgo out to seaââ¬â¢. The boys were so happy to get the boat that they had all their friends help them take it up to their apartment. â⬠Å"A jet of golden light as cool as water began to pour out of the broken bulb, and they let it run to a depth of almost three feet. Then they turned off the electricity, took out the rowboat, and navigated at will among the islands in the house.â⬠The little boys imagination went wild as they soared through the house. ââ¬Å"ââ¬ËLight is like water, I answered. You turn the tap and on and out it comes.ââ¬â¢ Magic realism occurs in the minds of the young most abundantly because as a child your imagination is endless. Throughout the years, as you grow you forget to use your imagination, and you get consumed in life. Magic realism occurs to allow the creativity return to us, and we can just let go. Without magic realism the world would be very dull. How might magic realism affect us and the world? In My Life with the Wave by Octavio Paz, the narrator is affected by everything the wave does. The wave, is a metaphor for a woman. His first tactic was to hide the wave, he knew no one would understand her. When gets in a heaping of trouble she canââ¬â¢t help him, but luckily when he finally returns home she is waiting there. Magic realism, in this short story, affects the world through love. ââ¬Å"ââ¬ËWell, now youââ¬â¢re free. You were lucky Lucky there were no victims. But donââ¬â¢tShow MoreRelatedThe Human Condition Of The World2221 Words à |à 9 Pagesthe human condition. There are also authors that do not rely on pressing these matters on the people, but instead fold these messages into their preferred style of writing, and there is a group of least expected authors that do just that. Magical Realism Authors use temptation, culture and relationships as reoccurring themes in their novels to reveal the best and worst in the race of men, in order to illustrate how humanity can improve as a species. Through exploring the works: Life of Pi by YannRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 Pagesand the number of people working 50 or more hours a week jumped from 24 to 37 percent. Finally, the rise of the dual-career couple makes it difficult for married employees to find time to fulfill commitments to home, spouse, children, parents, and friends. Millions of single-parent households and employees with dependent parents have even more significant challenges in balancing work and family responsibilities. Source: AP Photo/Emilio Morenatti Dr. Orit Wimpfheimer performs her job by linkingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words à |à 922 Pagesundertake these judgmental tasks in different ways in different social contexts by deploying different epistemological conventions. How we epistemologically judge the claims of social scientists might be quite different from how we judge those of friends, relatives or politicians such Jim Hacker. In the case of social science, we might look for evidence that could confirm, contest or even refute any claim (e.g., those made by organization theorists). However, epistemology raises the issue of whether flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-32130085252554165792019-12-17T06:00:00.001-08:002019-12-17T06:00:05.087-08:00Essay on Heros - 474 Words Heros Throughout time and literature heroââ¬â¢s have not changed physically but the people who are looked to as heroââ¬â¢s has. A hero is someone who goes above and beyond what is required to help someone in need. Heroââ¬â¢s come in many shapes and sizes, and carry many similar but different qualities. Heroââ¬â¢s are kind people who truly care for others without any alterrior motives. People who care and donate their time, energy, love, and kindness to others. Also a person who is brave, daring and courageous are considered heroââ¬â¢s. Most heroââ¬â¢s have alterrior motives. They look to things such as money popularity, repaying debt, fame or higher standard of living. Some people pretend to be a her for being a hero. They try to come off as aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In his time Gilgamesh was a hero to everyone but himself. Gilgamesh is a man who is two-thirds god and on-third man. He was born endowed with great beauty and has the strength of a bull. He built a great rampart to protect his city. He spends the entire epic looking for a way to have everlasting life. To Uruk Gilgamesh was a great leader and a hero because he protected them from invaders. In his time Beowulf was a hero to the people of his own land as well as Herot. He was a man full of courage and honor. Without questioning it it he jumped at the chance to help out Hrothgar and Herot by slaying grendel. While doing this he remained honorable by repaying the debut of his father to Hrothgar. Beowulf was courageous because he went ot fight Grendel with out a sword. The fact that Beowulf decides to fight with out hius sword proves that he is strong brave and full of courage. In his time Beowulf was a hero, he stood up for the good of the people. He did however repay his fatherââ¬â¢s debuts to King Hrothgar of Herot, at the same time. Beowulf is still considered a hero in the minds of the people. Yes he was slightly obligated to help the people, but when he first left for Herot on his ship, no one forced him to. Also in the end Beowulf was paid in gold for the deed he did. The thing is though that Beowulf went into battle with Grendel before he eve r know that he would be compensated in gold for his deeds. AlsoShow MoreRelatedThe Hero As A Hero1529 Words à |à 7 PagesWhen the term ââ¬Å"Heroâ⬠is brought up, many people will have a different definition of it. According to website dictionary.com, the real definition of a ââ¬Ëheroââ¬â¢ is ââ¬Å"a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of character; and a person who, in the opinion of others, has special achievements, abilities, or personal qualities and is regarded as a role model or ideal.â⬠Nowadays, the word ââ¬Å"heroâ⬠can be associated with literally anyone. Heroism can be associated such as famous people, fictional charactersRead MoreThe Hero As A Hero1009 Words à |à 5 PagesI could never fully understand what the title hero represents. It is very confusing thinking about a definition of the word hero. Growing up I had a lot of heroes. My favorites heroes changed as I was growing older. As a kid, Superman was my favorite hero. He could fly, stop bullets, he had laser eyes, and see through walls. It was exciting. When I grow older, John McClane was my hero. He will stop terrorist all by himself, risking everything that he got just to save the people he cares about. ItRead MoreThe Hero Of A Hero907 Words à |à 4 Pagesexemplifying a hero developed into something everyone longed to do. This ambition remains today. However, obtaining a hero-like persona constitutes much more than saving a cat from a tree or helping an elderly woman cross the street. A hero not only affects the direct person in need of help, but the many around as well. In order to have the classification of a hero, one must adopt a courageous, determined, selfless, and inspiring attitude while also attaining an opportunity to show heroism. A hero must manifestRead MoreA Hero As A Hero889 Words à |à 4 Pages Anyone can be a hero, even you! A hero does not have to be someone with powers or a costume. A hero is someone or something that you can look up to or admire. All heroes are not perfect, and they can make mistakes as would a regular human. There is a difference though because heroes have the enormous responsibility. They are always being signaled, and they are always expected to do the right thing. Heroes are many times forced to test their character which leads them to realize their potentialRead MoreA Hero : The Characteristics Of A Hero820 Words à |à 4 Pagesa firefighter and policemen can be a hero. Firefighters and policemen are strong and courageous. They risk their lives just to save and protect an everyday stranger. That is what a hero does. Being a hero does not require having super strength or need to read minds, but being a hero does require certain qualities that make a hero. One of those qualiti es is being a leader and also being courageous. Since leadership and courage are two necessary traits of a hero, heroes are usually not weak but strongRead MoreBeowulf : A Hero Or Hero?1092 Words à |à 5 PagesCole Jackson Miss Sibbach Honors English IV 10 December, 2014 To Be a Hero, or To Not Be a Hero Countless people have tried to say that Beowulf represents the qualities required of an epic hero, but many people also suggest that Beowulf does not show any of these qualities. While Beowulf shows heroic characteristics in all of his acts, both pride and greed motivate his actions. The story of Beowulf contains all of the information needed to show this, but people do not notice that which they do notRead MoreA Hero Is An Epic Hero1997 Words à |à 8 Pagesââ¬Å" A hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming obstaclesâ⬠(Reeve, Christopher). Every culture in country across the world has their own ideals for what a proper hero should be. Most will say a hero must have these core values compassion, bravery, strength, humility, and integrity. However a person does not always have to possess they traits to be considered a hero. An example of this is an epic hero, these heroes only exist in stories andRead MoreWhat Makes A Hero Or Hero?812 Words à |à 4 Pagesthat man may be, in essence, a hero. Because of this stereotypical ââ¬Å"heroâ⬠, we do not see the real heroes in life. What really IS a hero or heroine? A hero is what we make of them, although some are undeserving of this title. We make a hero. You, me, society; we all make heroes. We give them this title. Heroes are role models, and role models, in my eyes, should possess three very significant qualities. Courage, humbleness, and morality; these form a hero. The classic hero. Ah, heââ¬â¢s brave and bold. HeRead MoreA Hero Essay : The Meaning Of A Hero701 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Meaning Of A Hero ââ¬Å"Weââ¬â¢re the heroes of our time. But weââ¬â¢re dancing with the demons in our minds.â⬠What is it that they see in me, I ask. But maybe itââ¬â¢s not what they see in you, but what you are. Being a hero is what comes to you, what changes you, to become a better person and how you change other people in the process of becoming a better person. Being a hero is about what you change in yourself, for the good of other people. A hero is not something you compare to a normal person. NormalRead MoreA Hero : A Comparison Of The Hero Of Beowulf884 Words à |à 4 Pagesof one of the early heroes written about. But what is a hero? The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a hero as: an object of extreme admiration and devotion; a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability. Beowulf has many of these characteristics including great strength, and is portrayed as a legendary figure by those who look up to him. Through the entire poem, he is the epitome of a hero and displays many heroic qualities. In the poem, it states: flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2233180507148874901.post-40942901390947339742019-12-09T02:43:00.001-08:002019-12-09T02:43:04.932-08:00Alzheimerââ¬â¢S Disease Essay Example For Students Alzheimerââ¬â¢S Disease Essay Alzheimers DiseaseAlzheimers Disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disease thatdestroys mental and physical functioning in human beings, and invariably leadsto death. It is the fourth leading cause of adult death in the United States. Alzheimers creates emotional and financial catastrophe for many Americanfamilies every year, but fortunately, a large amount of progress is being madeto combat Alzheimers disease every year. To fully be able to comprehend andcombat Alzheimers disease, one must know what it does to the brain, the partof the human body it most greatly affects. Many Alzheimers disease sufferershad their brains examined. A large number of differences were present whencomparing the normal brain to the Alzheimers brain. There was a loss of nervecells from the Cerebral Cortex in the Alzheimers victim. Approximately tenpercent of the neurons in this region were lost. But a ten percent loss isrelatively minor, and cannot account for the severe impairment suffered byAlzheimers victims. Neurofibrillary Tangles are also found in the brains ofAlzheimers victims. They are found within the cell bodies of nerve cells inthe cerebral cortex, and take on the structure of a paired helix. Otherdiseases that have paired h elixes include Parkinsons disease, DownsSyndrome, and Dementia Pugilistica. Scientists are not sure how the pairedhelixes are related in these very different diseases. Neuritic Plaques arepatches of clumped material lying outside the bodies of nerve cells in the brain. They are mainly found in the cerebral cortex, but have also been seen in otherareas of the brain. At the core of each of these plaques is a substance calledamyloid, an abnormal protein not usually found in the brain. This amyloid coreis surrounded by cast off fragments of dead or dying nerve cells. The cellfragments include dying mitochondria, presynaptic terminals, and pairedhelical filaments identical to those that are neurofibrillary tangles. Manyneuropathologists think that these plaques are basically clusters ofdegenerating nerve cells. But they are still not sure of how and why thesefragments clustered together. Congophilic Angiopathy is the technical name thatneuropathologists have given to an abnormality found in the walls of bloodvessels in the brains of victims of Alzheimers disease. These abnormal patchesare similar to the neuritic plaques that develop in Alzheimers disease, inthat amyloid has been found within the blood-vessel walls wherever the patchesoccur. Another name for these patches is cerebrovascular amyloid, meaningamyloid found in the blood vessels of the brains. Acetylcholine is a substancethat carries signals from one nerve cell to another. It is known to beimportant to learning and memory. In the mid 1970s, scientists found that thebrains of those afflicted with Alzheimers disease contained sixty to ninetypercent less of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase(CAT), which is responsiblefor producing acetylcholine, than did the brains of healthy persons. This wasa great milestone, as it was the first functional change related to learningand memory, and not to different structures. Somatostatin is another means bywhich cells in the brain communicate with each other. The quantities of thischemical messenger, like those of CAT, are also greatly decreased in thecerebral cortex and the hippocampus of persons with Alzheimers disease, almostto the same degree as CAT is lost. Although scientists have been able toidentify many of these, and other ch anges, they are not yet sure as to how,or why they take place in Alzheimers disease. One could say, that they havemost of the pieces of the puzzle; all that is left to do is find the missingpiece and decipher the meaning. If treatment is required for someone withAlzheimers disease, then the Alzheimers Disease and Related DisordersAssociation(ADRDA), a privately funded, national, non-profit organizationdedicated to easing the burden of Alzheimer victims and their families andfinding a cure can be contacted. There are more than one hundred and sixtychapters throughout the country, and over one thousand support groups that canbe contacted for help. ADRDA fights Alzheimers on five fronts 1- fundingresearch 2- educating and thus increase public awareness 3- establishingchapters with support groups 4- encouraging federal and local legislation tohelp victims and their families 5- providing a service to help victims and theirfamilies find the proper care they need. .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 , .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 .postImageUrl , .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 , .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4:hover , .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4:visited , .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4:active { border:0!important; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4:active , .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4 .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b1578f3bc61657759781cc85b3fc0b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Montessori Materials Essential Parts EssayScience flounrambbestmid1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/00969337162962628978noreply@blogger.com0